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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Health Econ. 2018 Jul 23;61:93–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.07.001

Table 1:

Population frequency and medical spending (in Euros, 2012) at aggregated levels of risk characteristics (N=16.5 million)

Population frequency Mean spending
Male, <65 42% 1,207
Male, >=65 8% 4,612
Female, <65 41% 1,487
Female, >=65 9% 4,123

Region, clusters 1–5 50% 1,979
Region, clusters 6–10 50% 1,719

Source of income if 18≤age<65: disability benefits 5% 3,817
Source of income if 18≤age<65: social security benefits 2% 2,321
Source of income if 18≤age<35: student 3% 588
Source of income if 18≤age<65: self-employment 4% 1,012
Source of income if 18≤age<65: other (e.g. employment) 48% 1,282
Other (i.e. age<18 or ≥65) 38% 2,477

Socioeconomic status, street address with >15 residents 1% 4,507
Socioeconomic status, income deciles 1–3 30% 1,842
Socioeconomic status, income deciles 4–7 40% 1,869
Socioeconomic status, income deciles 8–10 30% 1,721

Pharmacy-based Cost Group (PCG) No 82% 1,212
Yes 18% 4,751

Diagnoses-based Cost Group (DCG) No 91% 1,353
Yes 9% 6,855

Durable Medical Equipment Cost Group (DMECG) No 99% 1,772
Yes 1% 10,933

Multiple-year High Cost Group (MYHCG) No 94% 1,378
Yes 6% 9,536

PCG, DCG, DMECG and/or MYHCG No 77% 984
Yes 23% 4,784

Total population 100% 1,848

Note: the risk adjustor variable “Source of income” only applies to people with ages 18 to 65. PCGs, DCGs and DMECGs are based on prior-year use of selected of drugs, hospital treatments and durable medical respectively.