Figure 2.

Low concentrations of cadmium have no effect on cell viability, and high concentrations of cadmium reduce cell viability of BMMSCs. BMMSCs were exposed to 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, or 20 μM CdCl₂ for 24 h. (A) The viability of BMMSCs was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis (mean ± SD, n = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, different from control BMMSCs. BMMSCs were treated with 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 μM CdCl₂ for 7 days. (B) The viability of BMMSCs was detected by MTT analysis. (mean ± SD, n = 5). ** p < 0.01, different from control BMMSCs. BMMSCs were exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μM CdCl₂ for 24 h, or 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 μM CdCl₂ for 7 days. (C) The proliferation rate of BMMSCs was detected by 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU). Scale bar, 100 μm. BMMSCs were exposed to 0, 0.1, or 0.2 μM CdCl₂ for 24 h. (D) Cytoskeleton of BMMSCs were shown by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopic analyses Nuclei were stained blue with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and cytoplasm was stained green and red with α-tubulin and F-actin. Scale bar, 20 μm.