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. 2019 Mar 18;11(3):656. doi: 10.3390/nu11030656

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of oral choline supplementation on the plasma concentration of choline (A) and its water-soluble metabolites betaine, dimethylglycine (DMG) and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) (B–D). Bars represent values prior to (visit [V] 2), after 49 (45–51) days (V5) and after 84 (84–91) days (V6) supplementation with 3 × 1 g choline chloride. Data are medians and interquartile ranges of CF patients prior to (V2), and after 49 (45–51) days (V5) and 84 (84–91) days (V6) choline supplementation. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 vs. V2.