Table 6.
Association between Diabetes Status and Health Markers in U.S. adults (Age ≥ 20 years)
| Health Markers | (n) | Diabetes Status | ap-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nondiabetes (n = 1436) | Prediabetes (n = 1905) | Diabetes (n = 715) | |||
| LSM ± SE | LSM ± SE | LSM ± SE | |||
| aBMI (kg/m2) | 4056 | 26.7 ± 0.2 | 29.6 ± 0.2 | 32.8 ± 0.4 | <.0001* |
| aWC (cm) | 3978 | 93.9 ± 0.6 | 100.9 ± 0.4 | 108.8 ± 0.9 | <.0001* |
| aTotal cholesterol (mg/dl) | 4029 | 197.6 ± 1.5 | 201.9 ± 1.0 | 181.1 ± 2.5 | <.0001* |
| bHDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 4029 | 55.5 ± 0.5 | 52.9 ± 0.5 | 49.3 ± 0.6 | <.0001* |
| aLDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 3952 | 117.3 ± 1.0 | 122.1 ± 0.9 | 101.3 ± 1.8 | <.0001 |
| aTG (mg/dl) | 4025 | 116.9 ± 2.8 | 139.2 ± 2.7 | 168.8 ± 8.3 | <.0001* |
| aTG / HDL cholesterol Ratio | 4025 | 2.3 ± 0.08 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | <.0001 |
| bCRP (mg/dl) | 4045 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.2205 |
| cInsulin (uU/mL) | 3918 | 11.1 ± 0.3 | 14.1 ± 0.3 | 15.9 ± 0.7 | <.0001* |
| cMean SBP (mm Hg) | 3888 | 120.0 ± 0.4 | 122.4 ± 0.5 | 124.9 ± 1.1 | <.0001 |
| cMean DBP (mm Hg) | 3888 | 67.8 ± 0.7 | 69.4 ± 0.4 | 68.0 ± 0.7 | 0.0155 |
| aComorbidity Score | 4056 | 1.7 ± 0.09 | 2.0 ± 0.09 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | <.0001 |
Values are least square means ± standard error of the mean (SE). Bonferroni correction (< 0.05/12 health markers), P < 0.004
Mean blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was calculated based on the average of the first three systolic BP readings of the participants while being examined at the MEC. The fourth reading was not included because of missing values. Co-morbidity score was calculated as the sum of self-reported presence of physician-diagnosed comorbidities that tend to co-occur with type 2 diabetes
Abbreviations: LSM Least-Square Means, BMI Body Mass Index, WC Waist Circumference, TC Total Cholesterol, HDL-C High density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-C Low density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, CRP C-reactive protein
aAdjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, Poverty-to-Income Ratio, physical activity, and energy intake
bAdjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, Poverty-to-Income Ratio, physical activity, energy intake, and BMI
cAdjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, Poverty-to-Income Ratio, physical activity, energy intake, BMI and WC
*Nontransformed LSMs were presented with p-values associated with the variables after log-transformation for normality. Health markers that were log-transformed include BMI, WC, TC, HDL-C, TG, CRP, and Insulin. Bolded values are significantly different p < 0.01