Table 1.
Virulence-associated QS and QQ/QSI disruptors in proteobacteria of marine and agricultural importance.
| Bacterium | QS Signal Molecules | QS-Regulated Phenotypes | References | Possible QS Disruptors | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHLs | Others | QQ Enzymes | QSI Compounds | ||||
| Of marine importance | |||||||
| Aeromonas hydrophila | C4-HSL, C6-HSL |
AI-2 | Production of extracellular protease and biofilm formation | [120,121,122] | AiiA lactonase | Vanillin, plant extracts and caffeine | [123,124,125,126,127] |
| Aeromonas salmonicida | C4-HSL, C6-HSL, 3OC6-HSL, C10-HSL |
AI-2 | Production of extracellular protease | [120,121,128] | - | Sulphur-containing AHL-analogues | [129] |
| Aliivibrio fischeri | 3OC6-HSL, C8-HSL |
AI-2 | Bioluminescence | [130] | - | - | - |
| Aliivibrio salmonicida | C6-HSL, 3OC6-HSL |
AI-2 | Biolumenescence and biofilm | [32,40] | - | - | - |
| Edwarsiella tarda | C4-HSL, C6-HSL, 3OC6-HSL, C7-HSL |
AI-2 | Production of extracellular protein | [39,131,132] | Aii20J lactonase | Small peptides | [133,134] |
| Vibrio alginolyticus | 3OHC4-HSL, 3OC10-HSL, 3OHC14-HSL |
AI-2 | Biofilm formation | [42,135] | - | - | - |
| Vibrio anguillarum | C6-HSL, 3OC10-HSL, 3OHC10-HSL |
AI-2, CAI-1 | Biofilm formation, Production of metalloprotease and pigments |
[46] | Aac-like acylase | Furanones; cinnamaldehyde analogs | [41,104,136,137] |
| Vibrio campbelli | 3OHC4-HSL | AI-2, CAI-1 | Production of metalloprotease, siderophores and chitinase A | [30,44,45,138,139] | Furanones | [140] | |
| Vibrio corallilyticus | C4-HSL 3OH,C10-HSL |
AI-2 | Control of motility, production of hemolysin, caseinase, amylase and alkaline phosphatase | [47,141] | HqiA lactonase, QuiP-like acylase, AiiA lactonase, AttM lactonase |
- | [47,105] |
| Vibrio harveyi | 3OHC4-HSL | AI-2, CAI-1 | Bioluminescence, type III secretion system, extracellular toxin, metalloprotease and siderophore | [48,142,143] | AiiA lactonase | Furanones; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; cinnamaldehyde analogs; pyrogallol and analogs, AI-2 analogs | [137,140,144,145,146,147,148,149] |
| Vibrio mediterranei | C4-HSL, C6-HSL, 3OHC12-HSL 3OC13-HSL |
AI-2 | Control of motility, production of DNAse, and chitinase | [22,47] | HqiA lactonase, Aac-like acylase, AiiA lactonase, AttM lactonase | - | [47,104,150] |
| Vibrio owensii | C12-HSL, 3OHC12-HSL |
- | Control of motility, production of hemolysin, amylase, DNAse, chitinase and phosphatase | [47] | HqiA lactonase, AiiA lactonase, AttM lactonase | - | [47] |
| Vibrio vulnificus | C4-HSL, 3OC6-HSL 3OHC6-HSL |
AI-2 | Production of metalloprotease, exoprotease and hemolysin | [36,151] | - | 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; cinnamaldehyde analogs | [137,144] |
| Of agricultural importance | |||||||
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens | 3OC8-HSL, 3OHC8-HSL |
Virulence plasmid conjugation | [152,153,154] | AttM (BlcC) lactonase, AiiB lactonase |
Floridoside, betonicine, isethionic acid, thiolactones, dimethyl disulfide, hordenine, estrone |
[95,155,156,157,158,159,160] | |
| Burkholderia glumae | C6-HSL, C8-HSL |
- | Production of the phytotoxin toxoflavin and lipase, biogenesis of flagella, control of internal osmolarity | [161,162,163,164] | AiiA lactonase | AHL- analog J8-C8 (d) | [165,166] |
| Dickeya dadantii | C6-HSL, 3OC6-HSL |
- | Partial control of pectate lyase synthesis, control of motility and cell aggregation | [167,168] | AiiA lactonase | - | [169,170] |
| Dickeya solani | C6-HSL (a), C8-HSL |
Unknown (Vfm system) | Partial control of the production of macerating exoenzymes | [171,172] | - | - | - |
| Erwinia amylovora | 3OC6-HSL, 3OHC6-HSL |
AI-2 | Possible partial control of virulence | [173,174,175] | - | - | - |
| Pantoea stewartii | 3OC6-HSL | Production of exopolysaccharide Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation |
[176,177] | AiiO lactonase | - | [178] | |
| Pectobacterium atrosepticum | 3OC6-HSL, C8-HSL, 3OC8-HSL, C10-HSL |
Production and secretion of macerating exoenzymes, production of harpin, control of motility | [179,180,181,182] | AttM (BlcC) lactonase, AiiB lactonase, AiiA lactonase, QsdA lactonase | N,N’-alkylated imidazolium-derivatives | [183,184,185] | |
| Pectobacterium carotovorum | C6-HSL, 3OC6-HSL, 3OC8-HSL |
AI-2 (b) | Production of macerating exoenzymes and antibiotics | [186,187,188,189,190] | HqiA lactonase, QuiP-like acylase, AiiA lactonase, AhlD lactonase, QsdA lactonase, QlcA lactonase, QsdB amidohydrolase, unidentified oxidoreductase |
Furanones, dimethyl disulfide | [70,74,91,103,105,108,112,115,159,191,192] |
| Ralstonia solanacearum | C6-HSL (c), C8-HSL |
3OH-PAME | Production of exopolysaccharide I and macerating exoenzymes | [13] | β-hydroxy-palmitate methyl ester hydrolase | - | [116] |
| Xanthomonas campestris | - | DSF (cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid) | Production of exopolysaccharide and exoenzymes | [16] | Degradation of DSF by unidentified bacterial activities | - | [118] |
| Xyllela fastidiosa | - | Xf-DSF (12-methyl-tetradecanoic acid) | Adhesin production, biofilm stability, insect transmission, production of outer membrane vesicules and attachment to plant vessel cells | [193,194,195] | - | - | - |
(a) AHLs are not the main signals regulating virulence; (b) AHLs are the main signals regulating virulence; (c) AHL functions are unknown but AHLs do not regulate virulence; (d) This compound inhibits AHL synthesis and not AHL detection.