Table 3.
Patients´ characteristics according to adverse perioperative outcome
| Adverse perioperative outcome | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 519) | No (n = 968) | ||
| Gender, male | 276 (53.2) | 487 (50.3) | 0.291 |
| Age (years) | 70.2 (59.1–79.4) | 61.5 (53.1–72.5) | < 0.001 |
| Medical center | < 0.001 | ||
| Center A | 414 (41.4) | 587 (58.6) | |
| Center B | 105 (21.6) | 381 (78.3) | |
| Preoperative medical conditions | |||
| Hypertension | 296 (57) | 372 (38.5) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 127 (24.5) | 131 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic renal disease | 73 (14.1) | 49 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Major cardiovascular diseasea | 142 (27.4) | 110 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 70 (13.5) | 49 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Active cancer | 117 (22.5) | 80 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
| Major general surgery | 151 (29.1) | 85 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Risk factors for 30-day mortalityb | 0.006 | ||
| No risk factors | 78 (15) | 440 (45.4) | |
| 1 or 2 risk factors | 277 (53.4) | 415 (45.9) | |
| ≥ 3 risk factors | 164 (31.6) | 113 (11.7) | |
| Preoperative interventions | |||
| Medical assessments | 13 (6–27) | 6 (4–9) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratories | 28 (13–59.5) | 8 (4–15) | < 0.001 |
| Diagnostic images | 4 (2–7) | 2 (1–3) | < 0.001 |
| Type of surgery | 0.262 | ||
| General | 394 (75.9) | 709 (73.2) | |
| Orthopedic | 125 (24.1) | 259 (26.8) | |
| Duration of surgery (hours) | 2.2 (1.6–3) | 1.6 (1.3–2.3) | < 0.001 |
| ED-LOS (hours) | 53.2 (19.5–165.2) | 26.1 (13.4–64.9) | < 0.001 |
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range), or absolute number (%). COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ED-LOS Emergency department length of stay
aIncludes history of coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease
bRisk factors as defined by VISION study [3]: Age ≥ 65 years, high risk coronary artery disease, history of PVD, history of stroke, COPD, active cancer and major general surgery