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. 2019 Apr 6;25:36–51. doi: 10.1016/j.echu.2018.10.003

Fig 1.

Fig 1

The teacher-student relationships between subluxation theorists 1908-1915. Abrams did not study with D. D. Palmer, but he did reference D. D. Palmer’s 1910 book and used Palmer’s images of subluxated vertebra. Carver, Ratledge, and Drain learned from D. D. Palmer but did not graduate from one of his schools.