Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on macrophage at 10−8 and 10−7 M concentrations. RAW264.7 cells were cultured at different 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations (0, 10−8 and 10−7 M). ELISAs were used to detect the (A) IL-6, (B) IL-10, (C) TNF-α and (D) TGF-β protein expression levels among different groups. (E) Tim-3, (F) NOS2 and (G) CD206 protein levels were assessed by western blot analysis. (H) Representative western blot image. (I) Tim-3, (J) NOS2 and (K) CD206 mRNA levels were analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. control group; #P<0.05 and ##P<0.01 vs. 10−8 M group. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n=5). 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; TGF-β, transforming growth factor; Tim-3, T-cell Immunoglobulin-mucin-3; NOS2, nitric oxide synthase, inducible; CD206, macrophage mannose receptor 1.