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. 2019 Apr 18;9:6267. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42614-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Structural and linear representation of NS1 patches. The NS1 models for H3N2 in (A) and pH1N1 in (B) are shown as cartoon in light blue with the PKR binding region^51,61,62 shown as sticks and colored by atom-type (cyan for carbon, red for oxygen and blue for nitrogen). We highlight patches in the surrounding region of the PKR binding region with a major focus on patch 7 in H3N2 and patch 9 in pH1N1. In (C,D), the first row is a linear representation of patches and the second row shows the dN/dS distribution of H3N2/NS1 and pH1N1/NS1. The third and fourth row in (D) show sweep-related sites¹⁶ and adaptations sites⁵⁷ in pH1N1/NS1. Remaining rows in both subfigures depict the protein domains^52,53, interferon attenuation sites^52,59,60, CPSF30 interaction sites^51,55,56, dsRNA binding sites^7,63, PKR^51,61,62 and OAS binding sites^51,63. Information about protein models is listed in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2.