Table 1.

Trade‐offs in the HDI, four countries

	Austria				Italy
	(HDI = 0.893)				(HDI = 0.887)
HDI Components	LE	MYS	EYS	GNI/POP	LE	MYS	EYS	GNI/POP
	81.6	11.3	15.9	43,609	83.3	10.9	16.3	33,573
Trade‐offs (HDI constant)
Trade‐off 1		+ 1 yr		–21.2%		+ 1 yr		–20.4%
Trade‐off 2	–2.4 yr	+ 1 yr			–2.5 yr	+ 1 yr
Trade‐off 3			+1 yr	–18.1%			+1 yr	–17.4%
Trade‐off 4	–2.0 yr		+1yr		–2.1 yr		+1yr

	Senegal				Haiti
	(HDI = 0.495)				(HDI = 0.493)
HDI Components	LE	MYS	EYS	GNI/POP	LE	MYS	EYS	GNI/POP
	66.9	2.8	9.5	2,250	63.1	5.2	9.1	1,657
Trade‐offs (HDI constant)
Trade‐off 1		+ 1 yr		–23.3%		+ 1 yr		–18.4%
Trade‐off 2	–4 yr	+ 1 yr			–3.1 yr	+ 1 yr
Trade‐off 3			+1 yr	–20.1%			+1 yr	–15.8%
Trade‐off 4	–3.4 yr		+1yr		–2.6 yr		+1yr

SOURCE: UNDP 2016b and authors’ calculations.

NOTES: HDI components and changes in them that keep HDI constant. HDI = Human Development Index. LE = Life Expectancy. MYS = Mean Years of Schooling; EYS = Expected Years of Schooling; GNI/POP = Per Capita GNI.