Table 2.
Does CLTS treatment improve sanitation and child health outcomes?
| Dependent Variables: | Toilet Construction |
Intolerance of Open Defecation |
Diarrhea Knowledge |
Roundworm (eggs/g) |
Hemoglobin (g/l) |
Weight z-score |
Height z-score |
Health Index |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | |
| Treatment | 0.024 (0.014)∗ |
0.409 (0.233)∗ |
0.007 (0.058) |
−72.81 (39.55)∗ |
−0.18 (0.51) |
0.03 (.03) |
−0.01 (.03) |
0.02 (.02) |
|||
| RA Treatment∗ Poor | −0.027 (0.034) |
0.644 (0.56) |
−71.4 (110.5) |
||||||||
| RA Treatment∗ Non-poor | 0.072 (0.028)∗∗∗ |
1.035 (0.312)∗∗∗ |
−176.4 (67.2)∗∗∗ |
||||||||
| LG Treatment∗ Poor | −0.028 (0.036) |
0.069 (0.553) |
35.9 (83.8) |
||||||||
| LG Treatment∗ Non-poor | 0.014 (0.016) |
−0.128 (0.316) |
4.9 (48.4) |
||||||||
| Poor |
0.009 (0.022) |
−1.031 (0.359)∗∗∗ |
−69.9 (65.9) |
||||||||
| Mean DV (Treat = 0) | 0.125 | 0.125 | 32.9 | 32.9 | 4.85 | 156.7 | 159.2 | 111.0 | −1.39 | −1.65 | 0.001 |
| Controls: | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tests of Equality (p-values): | |||||||||||
| RA∗ Non-Poor = RA∗ Poor | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.37 | ||||||||
| LG∗ Non-Poor = LG∗ Poor | 0.31 | 0.74 | 0.37 | ||||||||
| RA∗ Non-Poor = LG∗ Non-Poor | 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.01 | ||||||||
| RA∗ Poor = LG∗ Poor | 0.98 | 0.40 | 0.31 | ||||||||
| RA∗ Poor = RA∗ Non-poor = | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.68 | 0.09 | |||||||
| LG∗ Poor = LG∗ Non-poor | |||||||||||
| Observations | 1858 | 1858 | 1858 | 1858 | 1858 | 1780 | 1742 | 1443 | 1886 | 1872 | 2043 |
Notes: We report results from OLS regressions (equations (1), (2))). The dependent variables are: Toilet Construction which equals 1 if the household built a toilet since baseline and 0 otherwise; Intolerance of Open Defecation which is the sum of responses to 9 questions about attitudes toward open defecation (45 is the maximum score possible and is the highest level of intolerance while 9 is the minimum score possible and reflects total acceptance of open defecation); Diarrhea Knowledge which is a score out of 6 based on six questions about possible causes of diarrhea (a score of 6 indicates that the respondent got all of the questions correct); roundworm prevalence (eggs/g); hemoglobin (g/l); weight and height z-scores of children 0–5; and an index of roundworm, hemoglobin, weight z-scores, and height z-scores. RA (LG) treatment indicates villages are assigned to implementation by a resource agency (local government). Standard errors are clustered at the village level and are reported in parentheses. All specifications include sub-district fixed effects and household control variables (household size, the household head's age and educational attainment, household composition, log of per capita household income, eligibility for low income support and dwelling characteristics) and village control variables (the village population, village land area, the percentage of the village which is Muslim, whether there is a paved road to the nearest city, average years of education of household heads, whether a river flows through the village, and the percentage of households in the village who open defecated at baseline). Columns 6–11 also control for the sex of the child, and dummy variables for age in months of the child. ∗∗∗indicates significance at 1% level, ∗∗ at 5% level, ∗ at 10% level.