Figure 4.

The net benefit (y‐axis, % yield increase) provided by a defence investment while competing with undefended plants competing in mixed stands. The defended plants benefitted from their defences by reducing herbivore damage (x‐axis, % herbivore damage reduction, d in Equation (2) and/or changing the distribution of herbivore damage (panels, h in Equation (3). The dashed horizontal line represents the level above which the defended plants out‐compete their undefended neighbours. The subplots show the herbivore distribution (y‐axis) as a function of relative leaf rank (x‐axis, lowest leaf rank = 0, highest leaf rank = 1) for the corresponding value of h. Error bars show standard error of the mean