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. 2019 Jan 3;124(1):387–413. doi: 10.1029/2018JD028912

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©2018. The Authors.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Spatial distribution of ozone (in ppbv) at 850 hPa on 25 May 2016 from the reanalysis (left) and its changes due to Chinese NO_x emissions (right). The impacts of Chinese NO_x emissions were measured by comparing the results from a control model simulation (using the optimized emission from data assimilation) and sensitivity model simulations using modified NO_x emissions where the emissions in China were set to zero. Vectors represent horizontal winds obtained from the general circulation model calculation nudged to ERA‐Interim.