Costs: 1b. Direct costs of psychiatric hospital care ‐ skewed data
Study	Intervention	Mean	SD	Total	Note
by medium term
Cusack‐North Carolina	1. ICM*	5,530	12,414	72	* Unit cost US $, Inpatient costs Time period: 12 months.
Cusack‐North Carolina	2. Standard care*	8,827	19,289	62	* Unit cost US $, Inpatient costs Time period: 12 months.
Lehman‐Maryland1 1994	1. ICM*	2,619	4,440	77
Lehman‐Maryland1 1994	2. Standard care*	4,662	6,034	75	* Unit cost US $, fiscal year 1994. t‐value=2.34 Time period: 12 months.
Morse‐Missouri3 2005	1. ICM*	624	2,314	54
Morse‐Missouri3 2005	2. Standard care*	439	1,596	49	* Unit cost US $, fiscal year 2001. "No main effect of of treatment condition for inpatient costs,F(2, 146)=0.10, p=0.9, ɧ2=0.01." Time period: 6 months.
by long term
Ford‐UK 1995	1. ICM*	378	846	39
Ford‐UK 1995	2. Standard care*	237	492	38	* Unit cost £, fiscal year not reported, study base year 1990. ** No statistical analysis available from the paper. Time period: 18 months.
Morse‐Missouri3 2005	1. ICM*	855	2,356	54
Morse‐Missouri3 2005	2. Standard care*	455	1,065	49	* Unit cost US $, fiscal year 2001. ** "No main effect of treatment condition for inpatient costs,F(2, 146)=0.10, p=0.9, ɧ2=0.01." Time period: 6 months.
Quinlivan‐California 1995	1. ICM*	301	397	30
Quinlivan‐California 1995	2. Standard care*	1,636	2,593	30	* Unit cost US $, fiscal year not reported, but study was carried on from April 1990 to March 1992. ** "Costs significantly lower for the ICM group (F=4.32, df=2.87, p=0.02.)" Time period: 24 months.