Bush‐Georgia 1990.

Methods	Allocation: randomised. Design: single site. Duration: 12 months. Country: Atlanta, USA.
Participants	Diagnosis*: severe mental illness. N = 28. Age: 25 to 56 years. Sex: 57% M (16M, 12F). Ethnicity: 50% African‐American. History: high rates of hospital readmissions (2 to 18 previous admissions), difficulty in community living.
Interventions	1. ICM: clinical case management, providing intensive support and outreach (according to the Stein and Test model TCL). N = 14. 2. non‐ICM: standard care providing case management at a lower level of intensity and rehabilitation services. N = 14.
Outcomes	Service use: average number of days in hospital per month**. Death: all causes, suicide. Unable to use ‐ Service use: number of hospital admissions (no individual group data); emergency room visits (no individual group data). Global state: compliance: adherence to service and medication plan (incompletely reported data). Social functioning: appropriate living status (incompletely reported data). Costs: no individual group data.
Notes	*86% schizophrenia. **Variance not reported ‐ data from another study used.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomised. No further details.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Primary outcome: clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear. Secondary outcome: leaving the study early ‐ clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Problematic to blind participants and those providing the intervention in studies comparing ICM intervention with standard care.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Service use and appropriate living conditions collected from records. Blinding not reported.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No missing outcome data.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Outcomes not pre‐stated. Most of the reported outcomes are reported incompletely (data not usable).
Other bias	Low risk	No details. No evidence of the presence of other bias.