Hampton‐Illinois 1992.

Methods	Allocation: randomised. Design: multicentre (2 centres: Site A ‐ Bridge West; Site B ‐ Bridge South). Duration: 12 months. Country: Chicago, USA.
Participants	Diagnosis*: serious mental illness. N = 165. Setting: community mental health service. Age: ≧ 18 years, mean ˜ 37 years. Sex: 77% M (127M, 38F). Ethnicity: 55.7% black (understood to be African‐American). History: i. admitted to inpatient units of 2 state hospitals, ii. homeless on admission or at risk of homelessness on discharge, iii. informed consent given (site A).
Interventions	1. ICM: Assertive Case Management (Stein and Test model). Caseload: ˜ 1:10. N = 82. 2. Standard care: provided by psychiatric services. N = 83. (Site A included traditional office‐based outpatient care and case management.)
Outcomes	Outcomes from different centres are reported separately; we assumed a single‐centre randomisation procedure. See below in Hampton‐Illinois (A) and Hampton‐Illinois (B).
Notes	*Schizophrenia 42%.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomised. No further details. Although this was not explicit, we assumed an independent randomisation for each centre. Authors reported: "Project staff recruited clients on varying days to reduce bias". We interpreted this as meaning that different days were used for recruitment to the whole study, and not that group of allocation was determined by day.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Described as "blinded randomisation". No further details.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Primary outcome: clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear. Secondary outcomes: some clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No details
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No details
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient reporting of attrition/exclusions to permit judgement.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	In both centres, Hampton‐Illinois (A) and Hampton‐Illinois (B), some listed outcomes of interest were not reported or were reported incompletely (i.e. days spent in hospital: no SD).
Other bias	Unclear risk	Publicly funded (National Institute of Mental Health). It is unclear whether the study was interrupted earlier in Hampton‐Illinois (B). Authors reported: "The study sample for Site B was inadequate due to late start, implementation problems and high dropout rate"; for this reason, they reported data only by 6 months.