Marshall‐UK 1995.

Methods	Allocation: randomised. Design: single centre. Duration: 14 months. Country: Oxford, UK.
Participants	Diagnosis*: severe persistent psychiatric disorder. N = 80. Setting: Oxford Social Service. Age: 20 to over 60 years, mean ˜ 48 years. Sex: 85% M (68M, 12F). Ethnicity: not reported. History**: i. either homeless, at risk of homelessness, living in supported, temporary or poor‐quality accommodation, experiencing social isolation, or causing disturbances, ii. not already receiving case management, iii. informed consent given.
Interventions	1. ICM: Case Management from team of social services case managers (case managers are free to choose how much time to offer each patient, but at minimum provided some intervention). Caseload: ˜ 1:10. N = 40. 2. Standard care: provided by CMHTs. N = 40.
Outcomes	Service use: average number of days in hospital per month, admitted to hospital. Death: all causes. Global state: leaving the study early. Social functioning: REHAB scale, imprisonment, employment. Quality of life: Quality of Life Index. Costs: costs of all care per week (including accomodation). Unable to use ‐ Need for care: Medical Research Council (MRC) Needs for Care Schedule (version modified by authors). Behaviour: Social Integration Questionnaire (not published in peer‐reviewed journal). Social functioning: accomodation status (the definition of "better" and "worse" accommodation status was not clearly stated), employment (no mean and SD reported). Costs: direct cost of psychiatric hospital care and of health care (no SD).
Notes	*Schizophrenia and related disorder 74%. **40% illness > 1 yr, 85% previous psychiatric admission.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomisation by permuted block. No further details.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomisation by sealed envelopes (not stated if opaque).
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Primary outcome: clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear. Secondary outcomes: those interviewer rated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear. No details.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Problematic to blind participants and those providing the intervention in studies comparing ICM intervention with standard care.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Data for service use (hospitalisation), costs, social functioning (employment; accomodation), non‐psychiatric health care, psychiatric health care provided by the respective healthcare providers. Blinding not reported. Mental state and social functioning (social behaviour measured by REHAB) rated by a trained observer. Blinding not reported. Social functioning and quality of life self reported.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient reporting of attrition/exclusion (no reasons for missing data provided). Lost to follow‐up reported at 7 months, not at 14 months. Reasons for attrition reported only for the experimental sample.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Listed outcomes reported completely.
Other bias	Low risk	No details. No evidence of the presence of other bias.