Muller‐Clemm‐Canada 1996.

Methods	Allocation: randomised. Design: multicentre (2 sites: Site A, New West; Site B, Surrey ‐ individual centre data not reported). Duration: 24 months. Country: British Columbia, Canada.
Participants	Diagnosis*: majority of participants affected by schizophrenic disorder, others any DSM‐III axis I or axis II (including dual diagnosis). N = 123. Setting: CMHC. Ethnicity: data not available. Age: 19 to 64 years (randomised sample age not reported). Sex: 49.5% M (61M, 62F). History: i. serious and persistent mental illness with impaired role functioning, ii. about to be discharged from hospital, iii. high risk of rehospitalisation, iv. no primary diagnosis of substance abuse, organic brain disease, or developmental disorder, v. no recent history of severe violence, vi. informed consent to participate.
Interventions	1. ICM: care from a CMHC plus additional Assertive Case Management according to Stein and Test model. Caseload: ˜ 1:10. N = 63. 2. Standard care: care from a CMHC. N = 60.
Outcomes	Service use: average number of days in hospital per month**, number of admissions**. Death: all causes and suicide. Global state: leaving the study early. Unable to use ‐ Quality of life: scale (not peer reviewed).
Notes	*Schizophrenia‐like disorder (60.2%). **Variance not reported ‐ data from another study used.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomised. No further details.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Primary outcome: clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear. Secondary outcome: those clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Problematic to blind participants and those providing the intervention in studies comparing ICM intervention with standard care.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Hospitalisation based on hospital records. Blinding not reported. Quality of life self reported.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Number randomised not clearly reported, as authors declared that "Clients who withdrew from the study within the first 6 months were replaced by other clients".
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Outcome length of hospitalisation reported incompletely (no SD).
Other bias	Low risk	No details. No evidence of the presence of other bias.