Salkever‐SCarolina 1999.

Methods	Allocation: randomised. Design: single centre. Duration: 18 months. Country: Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Participants	Diagnosis*: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder or other psychotic disorder (DSM‐III‐R). N = 173. Setting: Charleston and Darchester CMHCs. Age: 18 to 65 years, mean ≃ 35.5 yrs. Sex: 54.8% M. (N = 114). Ethnicity: 62.5% non‐white. (N = 114). History: i. history or high risk for high services use patterns (i.e. long‐term or multiple hospitalisation), ii. difficulty with treatment compliance, independent living, or activities of daily living, iii. no primary diagnosis of personality disorder or substance abuse or organic brain syndrome, iv. no need for 24‐hour supervision, v. no assault behaviour in the previous year not associated with psychosis.
Interventions	1. ICM**: Programme of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) provided by 2 different locations (treatment based in CMHC and treatment run by nonprofit organisation located near CMHC). Caseload: ranging during the trial duration from 1:6.5 to 1:13. N = 104. 2. Non‐ICM: standard care from CMHC, providing primarily office‐based case management programme. Caseload: decreased during the trial duration from 1:68 to 1:34. N = 69.
Outcomes	Service use: average number of days in hospital per month***; admitted to hospital. Global state: leaving the study early. Unable to use ‐ Costs: direct costs of psychiatric hospital care (no SD).
Notes	*N = 114, 81.5% schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, 50.8% secondary diagnosis of substance abuse disorder. **PACT provided by the 2 sites did not differ. ***Variance not reported ‐ data from another study used.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomised. No further details.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Primary outcome: clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear. Secondary outcomes: clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No details
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No details
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient reporting of missing data (number for missing data is provided, but reason is provided for the whole sample, is not stated for single intervention group).
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Listed outcomes of interest are fully reported, but any variance measurements are missing.
Other bias	Low risk	Publicly funded (by NIMH and grant from universities and university centres for research). No further details. No evidence of the presence of other bias.