Test‐Wisconsin 1985.

Methods	Allocation: randomised. Design: single centre. Duration: total duration of the trial 12 years, participants were followed at least 5 years, extended to 12 years for those who first entered the study. Some data available at 4 years, some at 24 months. Country: Dane County, Wisconsin, USA.
Participants	Diagnosis*: schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (according to RDC), or schizotypal personality (according to DSM‐III). N = 122. Setting: CMHS. Age: 18 to 30 years. Sex: 67.2% M (82M, 40F). Ethnicity: white 95.9%. History**: i. resident of Dane County, ii. < 12 months total prior time spent in psychiatric and penal institutions, iii. no primary diagnosis of mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, or alcoholism, iv. informed consent.
Interventions	1. ICM: Assertive Community Treatment according to Stein and Test model. Caseload: ˜1:9. N = 75. 2. Standard care: routine care from Dane County psychiatric services ‐ included an unspecified degree of case management. N = 47.
Outcomes	Service use: average number of days in hospital per month, not remaining in contact with psychiatric services, admitted to hospital. Death: all causes, suicide. Global state: leaving the study early. Social functioning: number homeless or living in sheltered accomodation (at least 1 day), not living independently, imprisoned. Unable to use ‐ Mental state: BPRS, BSI (no data). Social functioning: days homeless (no SD), days in jail (no SD), Community Adjustment Form (scale not peer reviewed, no data). Quality of life: Satisfaction with Life Scale (scale not peer reviewed, no data).
Notes	*Schizophrenia 73.8%; schizoaffective disorder ˜ 23%. **Average age first contact with mental health system: 19.02 yrs.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomised (randomised assignment to experimental and control intervention on a ratio 6:4), no further details.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Primary outcome: clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear. Secondary outcomes: most are clinician/participant mediated ‐ rating ‐ Unclear.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Problematic to blind participants and those providing the intervention in studies comparing ICM intervention with standard care.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Blinding not reported.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Number and reasons for missing data are not clearly reported.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Listed outcomes of interest not reported or reported incompletely, BPRS and BSI (not reported), days in jail and days in hospital (no SD).
Other bias	Low risk	Publicly funded (grant by NIMH). No further details. No evidence of the presence of other bias.