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. 2019 Apr 18;15(4):e1007657. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007657

Fig 1. Infection with the small intestinal helminth T. spiralis increases TGFβ signalling in CD4+ T-cells producing late Th17 cell induction.

Fig 1

Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were infected with 300 T. spiralis larvae and examined at the indicated time points. (A) Total TGFβ cytokine levels from T. spiralis antigen-stimulated mLN cells across the time-course of intestinal infection, determined via ELISA. (B) Representative flow cytometry plots and (C) mean fluorescence intensities for p-Smad 2/3 staining in small intestinal lamina propria CD4+ T-cells from uninfected and day 13 post-infected mice. (D) IL-17 cytokine levels from T. spiralis antigen-stimulated mLN cells across the time-course of intestinal infection, determined via cytometric bead array. (E) Representative flow cytometry plots of total CD45+ small intestinal lamina propria cells and (F) percentage IL-17 expression in small intestinal lamina propria CD4-CD3-, CD4+CD3- and CD4+CD3+ gated cells from uninfected and day 13 post-infected mice. Data (n = 3–5 mice per group) are from two independent experiments performed.*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.005; N.S., not significant via Dunnett’s multiple comparison following ANOVA (A) and (D) or student’s t-test (C) and (F) for the indicated comparisons between groups.