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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019 May;15(5):275–289. doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0119-6

Fig. 1 ∣. The pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.

Fig. 1 ∣

Genetic factors, maternal factors and immunological factors may cause placental dysfunction (stage I), which in turn leads to the release of antiangiogenic factors (such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1) and soluble endoglin (sENG)) and other inflammatory mediators that induce preeclampsia (stage II). AT1, angiotensin II type I receptor; dNK, decidual natural killer; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HELLP, haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count; PlGF, placental growth factor; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; Treg, regulatory T cell; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.