Table 1.
Characteristics of adolescents and their mothersa.
| Overall (n = 185) | Males (n = 87) | Females (n = 98) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | p-valueb | ||||
| CADMIUM EXPOSURE | ||||||||||
| Prenatal UCd (μg/L) | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.67 |
| Concurrent UCd (μg/L) | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.72 |
| ANTHROPOMETRY | ||||||||||
| Height (cm) | 137 | 130 | 143 | 135 | 130 | 141 | 138 | 130 | 145 | 0.46 |
| Weight (kg) | 35.0 | 29.6 | 42.4 | 34.5 | 28.4 | 41.0 | 36.3 | 30.5 | 45.0 | 0.28 |
| BMI z-score | 1.0 | −0.1 | 1.7 | 1.0 | −0.1 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.95 |
| WC (cm) | 68.5 | 63.1 | 76.5 | 67.6 | 60.8 | 75.0 | 69.5 | 64.4 | 79.3 | 0.13 |
| Subscapular SFT (mm) | 10.5 | 7.0 | 15.5 | 9.3 | 6.0 | 13.5 | 11.5 | 8.0 | 18.0 | <0.01 |
| Suprailiac SFT (mm) | 14.5 | 9.0 | 22.0 | 12.3 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 16.5 | 10.5 | 24.5 | 0.01 |
| Triceps SFT (mm) | 15.5 | 12.0 | 19.5 | 14.0 | 10.5 | 18.0 | 16.0 | 14.0 | 21.0 | <0.01 |
| ADOLESCENT COVARIATES | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 9.9 | 8.8 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 8.8 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 10.7 | 0.80 |
| Household SES level | 8.0 | 6.0 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 10.5 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 10.5 | 0.90 |
| MATERNAL COVARIATESc | ||||||||||
| BMI | 29.2 | 27.0 | 32.0 | 28.7 | 26.1 | 32.0 | 29.9 | 27.4 | 32.0 | 0.35 |
| Bone Pb (μg/g) | 7.7 | 1.4 | 13.8 | 5.9 | 1.5 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 1.3 | 14.3 | 0.52 |
| Fruit intake (g/d) | 46 | 39 | 57 | 46 | 39 | 57 | 46 | 39 | 57 | 0.88 |
| Vegetable intake (g/d) | 34 | 28 | 39 | 34 | 29 | 39 | 34 | 28 | 39 | 0.65 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1, 861 | 1, 536 | 2199 | 1, 927 | 1, 667 | 2, 203 | 1, 791 | 1, 484 | 2, 147 | 0.06 |
a
92 (50%) have a maternal history of smoking; 46 (53%) males and N = 46 (47%) females.
b
Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test for difference in median values by sex.
c
Maternal covariates were measured during the third trimester except bone lead, measured at 1 month postpartum.