FIGURE 4.

Salinity stress induced oxidative stress tolerance mechanism in plants. Salinity causes oxidative stress in plants due to redox imbalance resulting from disturbance in equilibrium between ROS (reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants. Increased ROS concentration in the cell results in protein denaturation, membrane peroxidation, and nucleic acid denaturation. This consequently disturbs the normal functioning of the cell. To counteract the adverse consequences, plants induce antioxidative pathways (enzymatic and non-enzymatic). Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR). Non-enzymatic antioxidants include ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids, and α-tocopherol. An efficient antioxidative system abates the oxidative damage in plants. AM symbiosis reinforces the tolerance mechanism of plants to salinity induced oxidative stress.