Table 4.

Associations between use of diabetes medications (metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin) and cancer-specific survival, Shanghai, China

	Cancer site
	All 4 sites combined	Breast	Colorectal	Lung	Gastric
Model I (all participants)
Events/Total	1,408/2,890	84/633	342/890	648/824	334/543
Use of metformin
Never use	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Ever use	0.75 (0.56-1.01)	0.70 (0.29-1.70)	0.58 (0.35-0.95)	0.98 (0.64-1.49)	0.90 (0.48-1.70)
Use of sulfonylureas
Never use	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Ever use	0.97 (0.76-1.23)	1.78 (0.86-3.71)	1.00 (0.66-1.52)	0.75 (0.52-1.08)	0.91 (0.52-1.58)
Use of insulin
Never use	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Ever use	1.80 (1.48-2.21)	1.32 (0.62-2.82)	2.52 (1.81-3.51)	1.40 (1.02-1.91)	1.44 (0.98-2.14)
Model II (all diabetic patients)
Events/Total	331/793	29/190	101/292	128/181	73/130
Use of metformin
Never use	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Ever use	0.74 (0.54-1.01)	0.84 (0.32-2.20)	0.53 (0.29-0.96)	1.57 (0.86-2.56)	1.01 (0.46-2.22)
Use of sulfonylureas
Never use	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Ever use	1.45 (1.08-1.94)	2.20 (0.83-5.84)	1.59 (0.94-2.70)	0.99 (0.58-1.67)	1.76 (0.90-3.42)
Use of insulin
Never use	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Ever use	1.67 (1.27-2.19)	0.92 (0.36-2.31)	3.88 (2.32-6.47)	1.19 (0.72-1.97)	1.41 (0.68-2.92)

Hazard ratios adjusted for education, body mass index, smoking status, regular exercise, comorbidity, TNM stage of cancer, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery; all except breast cancer analyses additionally adjusted for sex. During analyses, use of diabetes medications (metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin) was also adjusted mutually in the models.