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. 2019 Jan 16;4(1):13. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics4010013

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic illustrating a hypothetical three swallow sequence of a single bolus (Bolus A), where the safety ratings from current swallows are analyzed along with residue ratings from previous swallows. PAS: Penetration–Aspiration Scale; NRRS: Normalized Residue Ratio Scale. Schematic is adapted with permission from: Molfenter SM, Steele CM. The Relationship Between Residue and Aspiration on the Subsequent Swallow: An Application of the Normalized Residue Ratio Scale. Dysphagia 2013, 28, 494–500.