Table 1.

Kinetics information for the polymerization of alkoxysilanes and organoalkoxysilanes.

Precursor	Reaction Conditions	Values			Used Techniques	Reference
TEOS	They used Stӧber’s conditions with variation in ammonia and water concentrations. The concentration of TEOS was kept constant at 0.5 M. The solvents used were ethanol and methanol.	They determined the hydrolysis rate constants of the TEOS hydrolysis steps (Figure 3). The overall hydrolysis/condensation rate constants for the second, third and fourth hydrolysis steps were also reported. The hydrolysis of the second step was faster than that for the first step under all conditions. The first and second hydrolysis rate constants were 3.91 and 78.0 × 10−4 M−1 min−1 in ethanol, but they were 22.24 and 88.3 × 10−4 M−1 min−1 in methanol under the same conditions.			NMR 300 and 400 MHz. SAXS	[42]
TEOS	The TEOS was hydrolyzed by using phosphoric acid in water at different TEOS:water:phosphoric ratios and different temperatures.	The hydrolysis rate constants ranged from 1.1 to 5.4 × 102 M−1 sec−1. The calculated activation energy with a 2.0:0.5:0.05 mL ratio under the reaction conditions was 33.3 kJ mol−1.			GC/TCD	[38]
TEOS	Hydrolysis of TEOS in acidified water with hydrochloric acid and ultrasonic power.	The hydrolysis rate constant ranged between 4.5 and 65 × 10−2 M−1 min−1, depending on the concentration of the acid.			Calorimetry	[40]
TEOS	Bogush et al. studied the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of TEOS under different conditions in alkaline medium (Stӧber method).	They assumed that all the reactions were first order. The hydrolysis rate constants ranged from 1.4 to 8 × 104 s−1 depending on the concentration of water and ammonia. The average condensation rate constants ranged from 3.2 to 32 × 103 s−1, also depending on the concentration of water and ammonia. The hydrolysis was not noticeably affected by the addition of sodium chloride, while the condensation rates decreased with the addition of the salt.			Using different techniques such as TEM, NMR, conductivity, and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)	[43]
TEOS	Hydrolysis of TEOS in acidified water by using ultrasound at a constant ultrasonic (US) power of 60 W and different pH (0.8 to 2).	The hydrolysis rate constant was calculated at all the pH values by the following equation: 6.1 × [H+] M−1 min−1 at 39 °C, where [H+] is the concentration of proton.			Calorimetry	[41]
TEOS	Hydrolysis of TEOS in acidified water without homogenizing agent and by using different ultrasound power.	The hydrolysis rate constants ranged from 2.8 to 5.8 × 10−3 M−1 sec−1 depending on the power of the ultrasonic bath.			Calorimetry	[30]
TEOS	The hydrolysis rate constants of TEOS in acidic medium (<0.003 M HCl) and alkaline medium (0.04 to 3 M NH3).	The activation energy in the acidic medium ranged from 11 to 16 kcal mol−1. The hydrolysis rate constant ranged between 0.002 and 0.5 M−1 h−1 depending on the ammonia concentration. The activation energy in basic medium was reported to be 6 kcal mol−1.			NMR	[6]
OTES	Hydrolysis (kh) and condensation (kc) constants of octyl triethoxy silane (OTES) between two liquids (octane and water) at different OTES concentrations (0.001, 0.1, and 0.1 M).	Conc. of OTES (M)	0.001	0.01	Measuring of interfacial tension between the octane and water layers by using the pendant drop method.	[25]
		kh (min−1)	0.6	0.7
		kc (m2 mmol−1 min−1)	72	82
OTES	Hydrolysis of OTES in liquid carbon dioxide and near supercritical conditions.	The hydrolysis rate constant was 0.0426 min−1			TGA and NMR	[44]
APTS	Hydrolysis of aminotriethoxy silane (APTS) in deuterated ethanol with water/silane ratio = 1 and without catalyst.	The APTS hydrolyzed in two steps, initial and secondary steps with rate constants 2.77 and 0.733 × 10−4 sec−1, respectively, at 25 °C. The activation energies of the two steps were, respectively, 34.4 and 30.6 kJ mol−1.			NMR 300 MHz	[27]
GPS	The hydrolysis of γ-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane (GPS) in different methanol/water ratios and using acetic acid as a catalyst	They graphically presented the concentrations of GPS and its hydrolyzed species vs time, instead of reporting numerical values of their rate constants.			NMR	[45]
GPS	Hydrolysis of GPS in non-aqueous solution (95% ethanol, 1% silane, and 4% water) with organotin and other organometallic catalysts.	The hydrolysis rate constants ranged from 0.01 to 22 × 10−4 min, depending mainly on the catalyst, but also on the solvent.			NMR	[26]
PTMS	The phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS), propyl trimethoxy silane (PrTMS), and methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (MPTMS) were hydrolyzed in THF and KCO3 as catalyst in excess water.	Reaction rate constants (k) of PTMS, PrTMS, and MPTMS were 2.87 ± 0.14 e−8 M−2.3 s−1, 1.26 ± 0.11 e−8 M−2.1 s−1, and 1.42 ± 0.11 e−8 M−1.8 s−1, respectively.			NMR	[29]
Silicic acid	The silicic acid was condensed in aqueous solution under different ionic, pH, and silicic concentrations.	The reaction rate constants ranged from 4.13 to 7.36 × 10−7 mmolal−3 s−1 depending on the ionic strength, pH, and the initial concentration.			UV/Vis spectrometry, ICP-AES	[33]
Ortho-silicic acid	Ortho-silicic acid (10 and 30 mM) was produced from the acid hydrolysis of dipotassium tris(1,2-benzene-diolato-O,O’) silicate. It underwent condensation at different pH (3.4–6.8).	The reaction rates ranged from 1.5 × 10−8 to 3 × 10−6 mM−2 s−1 with changing the pH of the reaction medium.			1H NMR, UV/Vis spectrometer	[32]
DMDEOS MTES TEOS	The dimethyl diethoxy silane (DMDEOS), methyltriethoxy silane (MTES), and TEOS were hydrolyzed in acidic medium.	The hydrolysis constant of DMSEOS ranged from 0 to 0.6 M−1 min−1 at pH 2 to 5. The hydrolysis constants of MTES ranged from 0 to 0.23 and for TEOS from 0 to 0.18 M−1 min−1 at pH 2 to 4. The activation energies of MTES at pH 3.134 and 3.83 were calculated as 57.61 and 97.84 kJ mol−1, respectively. The activation energy of TEOS at pH 3.134 was found to be 31.52 kJ mol−1.			FT-NIR	[37]
Model polymer	Methoxysilanes-terminated polybutadiene was used as model polymer. It was crosslinked under certain conditions (temperature of 25 °C, humidity of 50%) with different catalysts and water content.	The hydrolysis rate of the model polymer depended on the catalysts and their concentrations. The hydrolysis rate constants ranged from 0.29 to 5.4 × 10−4 min−1 with different catalysts at a concentration around 3.0 mol %. The hydrolysis rate constants for the mixed catalysts ranged between 2.1 to 5.3 × 10−4 min−1 depending on the catalyst and co-catalyst combinations.			ATR-FTIR	[28]
Different silanes	Hydrolysis of different silanes that are drawn in Figure 4 under acidic and alkaline conditions	The hydrolysis rates are listed in Section 3.4.2.			NMR	[46]
Different amino-trialkoxysilanes	Hydrolysis of these silanes were conducted by using HCl as catalyst.	The hydrolysis rate for these silanes ranged between 5.5 to 97 mM−1 h−1 depending on the type of the silane.			XPS	[47]
MTMS	Hydrolysis of methyl triethoxy silanes in different solvents and at different temperatures in alkaline medium.	The hydrolysis rate constant of MTMS in methanol was 2.453 × 104 sec−1 at 30 °C, and the activation energy was 50.09 kJ mol−1. The hydrolysis rates changed significantly with changing the solvents.			FTIR	[48]