Table 1.
Analytical methods for the identification and/or quantification of Mitragyna speciosa in biological samples.
| Compounds | Biological Sample (amount) | Analytical Technique | Internal Standard | Extraction Process | Linear Range (ng/mL) |
LOD (ng/mL) |
LOQ (ng/mL) |
Recovery (%) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitraginine, speciogynine, speciocilliatine, and paynantheine |
Urine (1 mL) |
LC–ESI–MS–QTOF | mitragynine-d3
7-hydroxymitraginine-d3 |
Solid-phase extraction (PolyChrom ClinII cartridges) |
2–500 | 0.25–1 | 0.5–1 | 96–63 | [120] |
| Mitragynine, 5-desmethylmitragynine and 17-desmethyldihydro-Mitragynine, and 7-hidroxymitragynine |
Urine (0.2 mL) |
UHPLC–ESI/MS–MS and LC–ESI/MS–MS |
Mitraphylline | Enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction (methyl tert-butyl ether) | 1–500 | - | 1.00 | 78–94 | [113] |
| Mitragynine | Urine (1 mL) |
HPLC–DAD | - | BAµE (N-vinylpyrrolidone polymer) and back-extraction with methanol/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) under sonication | 0.6–24 | 0.1 | 0.33 | 103 | [119] |
| Mitragynine | Urine (1 mL) |
LC–ESI–MS (QTRAP) |
methyltestosterone | Enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction (ethyl tert-butyl ether) |
0.25–1.5 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 83 | [115] |
| Mitragynine | Peripheral blood, central blood, liver, vitreous, gastric content, and urine (1 mL) |
GC–MS (EI) |
mitragynine-d3 | Solid-phase extraction (Trace-J cartridges) |
50–1000 | 30 | 50 | - | [45] |
| Mitragynine, paynantheine, speciogynine, speciociliatine, 16-carboxy-mitragynine, 9-O-demethyl-mitragynine, and 9-O-demethyl-16-carboxy-mitragynine | Urine (3 mL) |
GC–MS (EI) |
- | Enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction (HCX cartridge) |
- | 100 | - | - | [110] |
| Mitragynine | Urine (2 mL) |
LC–ESI/MS–MS | Ajmalicine | Liquid extraction; liquid-liquid extraction (Methyl tert-butyl ether) |
0.01–5 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 81 | [117] |
| Mitragynine | Blood and urine (1 mL), tissues (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung −1g), bile, and vitreous humor | LC–ESI/MS–MS | Proadifen | Enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction (n-butyl chloride) |
1–10 | 0.25 | 1 | 103 | [116] |
| Mitragynine | Rat serum (0.1 mL) |
HPLC–UV LC–ESI–MS |
Acenapthene | Liquid–liquid extraction (diethyl ether) |
100–10,000 | 30 | 100 | 85–84 | [121] |
| Mitragynine | Rat plasma (0.1 mL) |
HPLC–UV | Mefloquine | Solid-phase extraction (MCX Oasis cartridges) |
50–1000 | 25 | 50 | 96–98 | [33] |
| Mitragynine | Rat and human urine (1 mL) |
HPLC–DAD | - | Solid-phase extraction (Oasis® HLB cartridge) |
100–10,000 | - | 100 | 93–101 | [118] |
| Mitragynine and metabolites | Rat and human urine (1 mL) |
LC–ESI.LIT and LC–ESI.Orbitrap MS |
- | Enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction (Isolute Confirm HCX and Isolute Confirm C18 cartridges) |
- | - | - | - | [114] |
BAµE: Bar adsorptive microextraction; DAD: Diode-array detection; EI: Electron ionization mode; ESI: Electrospray ionization; GC: Gas chromatography; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC–UV: High-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector; LC: Liquid chromatography; LD: Liquid desorption; LIT: Linear ion trap; MS: Mass spectrometry; LOQ: Limit of detection; LOQ: Limit of quantitation; MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; MTBE: Methyl t-butyl ether; RP–HPLC: Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography; SIM: Selective ion mode; TBME: t-Butyl methyl ether; TOF: Time of flight; UHPLC: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.