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. 2019 Mar 21;7(1):48. doi: 10.3390/healthcare7010048

Table 1.

PICOS criteria.

PICOS Item Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria
Population

  • Adults (18 or over) receiving spine surgery.

  • Revision spine surgery.

  • Surgery for scoliosis, kyphosis or lordosis.

  • Lumbar, cervical, thoracic or sacrum surgery.

  • Spine surgery on children (under 18).

  • Coccyx surgery.
Intervention

  • Preoperative education/counselling programmes.

  • Multimodal preoperative interventions with an educational component.

  • Preoperative physiotherapy alone.
Comparison

  • Standard preoperative care.
Outcome Measures

  • Clinical (self-reported and performance based).

  • Psychological.

  • Economic evaluations.
Study Design

  • Randomized clinical trials.

  • Review articles.

  • Case studies.

  • Historical studies.

  • Non-randomized clinical trials.
Publication

  • Published in English.

  • Access to full text.

  • Unpublished studies.

  • Study protocols.