Multimodal imaging of nanoparticle delivery in tissue. (a) Porated skin incubated with deuterated methyl methacrylate nanoparticles. Image contrast derived from coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CH2, 2855 cm−1, red) and stimulated Raman scattering (CD2 nanoparticles, 2120 cm−1, blue). Reproduced with permission from [98], Copyright Elsevier, 2014; (b) Planar cross section through a sample of mouse gall bladder. A mucosal fold (MF) is indicated. Image contrast derived from two photon fluorescence (endogenous fluorophores, red) and second harmonic generation (collagen, blue). Reproduced with permission from [102], Copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2012; (c) Cross-section of a mouse-brain blood vessel following incubation with deuterated quaternary ammonium palmitoyl glycol chitosan nanoparticles. Image contrast derived from epi-detection CARS microscopy of lipid (CH2, 2845 cm−1, red) and nanoparticles (C–D, 2100 cm−1, green). Reproduced with permission from [107]. Copyright Springer Nature, 2016.