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. 2019 Apr 12;10:797. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00797

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Copyright © 2019 Bucher, Schlundt, Wulsten, Sass, Wendler, Ellinghaus, Thiele, Seemann, Willie, Volk, Duda and Schmidt-Bleek.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MicroCT analysis of femoral cortical bone. (A) Mean total area (Tt.Ar) and cortical area (Ct.Ar) increased under non-SPF conditions compared to SPF conditions. The medullary area (Ma.Ar) and endocortical perimeter (Ec.Pm) are slightly increased, but the periosteal perimeter (Ps.Pm) and cortical thickness (Ct.Th) are significantly increased, demonstrating growth in lateral directions. The ratio of cortical to total area (Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar) was significantly increased in 12 months old mice under non-SPF conditions. Therefore, polar moments of inertia (MMI-polar) were significantly higher under non-SPF conditions. The eccentricity (Ecc) was constant throughout all groups, indicating a constant shape of the cortical femoral bone. Most strikingly the total mineral density (TMD) of the cortical bone was not affected by the housing condition. (B top) A density map of the cortical bone comparing a 3 months old mouse with a biologically aged 12 months old mouse. (B bottom) Representative images of the cortical bone of a 3 months old mouse compared to 12 months old mice either under SPF or non-SPF conditions. N = 6 per group, boxplot distribution with median, Mann-Whitney U-test, ^*p < 0.05.