Table 1:

Heritable traits that might contribute to the overall heritability of urinary stone disease

	Comments	Ref
Urine excretions
Calcium	Strong evidence for heritability in stone formers	13,19–21
Citrate	Significant heritability in stone formers	13,21
Magnesium	Significant heritability in stone formers deserving further research	13
Volume	Significant heritability in stone formers	13,32
Diet
Total protein	Significant hereditability in stone formers	32
Animal Protein	Significant heritability in stone formers	32
Calcium	Significant heritability in stone formers	32
Oxalate	Significant heritability in stone formers	32
Sucrose	Significant heritability in stone formers	32
Fructose	Significant heritability in stone formers	32
Calcium metabolism
1,25 vitamin D	Altered Vitamin D metabolism associated with kidney stones. Variable levels of heritability among different studies were reported likely due to environmental conditions. No data available about its heritability in stone formers thus far.	33–41
Serum calcium	Serum calcium regulation and renal calcium transport were noted to have heritability, though research in stone formers are of need.	42–45
Metabolic syndrome	Metabolic syndrome associated with kidney stones. Variable levels of heritability were reported among different studies for characteristics of metabolic syndrome, including BMI, fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. No data available among stone formers thus far.	55–61