Table 1.

Summary of applications of exosomes.

Applications	Sample source	Conclusions	References
Lung cancer	Human	Exosomes may serve as minimally invasive diagnostic applications.	Cazzoli et al. (2013)
Cancer-directed immune response	Rat	Exosomes may distinctly affect the immune system.	Zech et al. (2012)
Preeclampsia	Human	Microvesicles can modulate immune cell responsiveness at different times of pregnancy and in preeclampsia.	Holder et al. (2012)
Graft-versus-host Disease (GvHD)	Human	Mesenchymal stem cells-exosome therapy improved clinical GvHD symptoms significantly.	Kordelas et al. (2014)
Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)	Mice	Exosomes exert ameliorative effects on autoimmune T1DM.	Nojehdehi et al. (2018)
Colorectal cancer	Human	Exosomes derived from hypoxic colorectal cancer enhance prometastatic behaviors and may provide new targets for colorectal cancer treatment.	Huang et al. (2018)
Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury	Mice	Exercise-derived extracellular vesicles might serve as a potent therapy for myocardial injury in the future.	Bei et al. (2017)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Human	Exosomal transfer of siGRP78 can suppress Sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma.	Li H. et al. (2018)
Steroid-induced femoral head necrosis (SFHN)	Rat	Exosomes affect SFHN osteogenesis and may develop a novel therapeutic agent for SFHN.	Fang et al. (2018)
Parkinson’s disease	Mouse	Exosomes loaded with catalase produce a neuroprotective effect.	Haney et al. (2015)
Autoimmune encephalomyelitis	Rat	Exosomes may be a promising cell-free therapy for multiple sclerosis.	Li Z. et al. (2018)
Central nervous system (CNS) trauma	Human	Exosomes can deliver siRNA into the CNS to decrease inflammasome activation.	de Rivero Vaccari et al. (2016)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)	Rat	Exosomes effectively improve functional recovery in rats after TBI.	Zhang et al. (2015)
Stroke	Rat	Exosomes can be employed for stroke treatment.	Xin et al. (2013)