Table 5.

Seasonal changes of different phospholipids in brown bears.

Tissues	Variables	Means ± SE		Winter – summer differences (%PL)
		Summer	Winter	Lsmeans ± SE	p-values
WAT
	Cer	4.90 ± 2.61	1.75 ± 1.19	-3.31 ± 3.07	0.350
	PC	68.48 ± 6.06	68.87 ± 2.06	1.48 ± 7.43	0.854
	PE	2.70 ± 0.26	6.87 ± 2.06	4.19 ± 1.75	0.074
	PI	12.19 ± 1.45	11.96 ± 4.43	-0.40 ± 4.10	0.928
	PS	1.90 ± 0.37	2.07 ± 0.33	0.12 ± 0.44	0.658
	SM	9.83 ± 2.41	8.48 ± 1.97	-1.73 ± 2.19	0.479
Muscle
	Cer	0.29 ± 0.05	0.26 ± 0.02	-0.03 ± 0.06	0.618
	PC	64.06 ± 1.51	66.53 ± 1.33	3.25 ± 1.17	0.045
	PE	9.27 ± 1.03	6.67 ± 0.65	-2.64 ± 1.20	0.055
	PI	17.69 ± 1.82	17.99 ± 1.21	0.10 ± 1.86	0.958
	PS	1.26 ± 0.08	1.02 ± 0.05	-0.23 ± 0.10	0.049
	SM	7.44 ± 0.67	7.53 ± 0.56	0.12 ± 0.83	0.892
Plasma
	Cer	0.30 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.01	-0.03 ± 0.03	0.240
	PC	69.85 ± 0.67	68.08 ± 1.45	-1.75 ± 1.74	0.339
	PE	1.04 ± 0.15	1.02 ± 0.11	-0.03 ± 0.17	0.973
	PI	8.08 ± 0.40	5.65 ± 0.32	-2.35 ± 0.34	<0.001
	PS	0.28 ± 0.04	0.33 ± 0.11	0.05 ± 0.13	0.702
	SM	20.46 ± 0.91	24.66 ± 1.37	4.20 ±1.72	0.036

Arithmetic means (“Means”) and standard errors (“SE”) of response variables from white adipose tissue (“WAT”), muscle tissue (“Muscle”), and blood plasma (“Plasma”) of bears during the summer active period (“Summer”) and in winter hibernation (“Winter”). Response variables are proportion of ceramide (“Cer”), phosphatidyl-choline (“PC”), phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (“PE”), phosphatidyl-inositol (“PI”), phosphatidyl-serine (“PS”), and Sphingomyelin (“SM”) among phospholipids (“PL”). Differences of least square means (“Lsmeans”) between seasons and p-values result from linear-mixed effects models (LMM). Sample sizes used in the LMM are presented in Table 1. Significant p-values are highlighted in bold.