The educational and labor market returns to preschool attendance in Austria

. 2019 Mar 5;51(32):3531–3550. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2019.1584368

\underset{D i f f e r e n c e i n O u t c o m e}{\underset{⏟}{E [Y_{i} | T_{i} = 1] - E [Y_{i} | T_{i} = 0]}} = \underset{A v e r a g e e f f e c t o f P r e - S c h o o l}{\underset{⏟}{E [Y_{1 i} | T_{i} = 1] - E [Y_{0 i} T_{i} = 1]}} + \underset{S e l e c t i o n B i a s}{\underset{⏟}{E [Y_{0 i} | T_{i} = 1] - E [Y_{0 i} | T_{i} = 0]}}

(4)