Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of stimulant and opioid deaths in San Francisco, 2005 - 2015 (n = 2001)
| Overall | Stimulant deaths† | Opioid deaths†† | Bivariable results | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)‡ or M (SD) | N (%)δ or M (SD) | N (%)δ or M (SD) | Test statistic | P-value | ||||
| Total | 2001 | (100.00) | 749 | (37.43)‡ | 1252 | (62.57)‡ | ||
| Demographic characteristics* | ||||||||
| Age | 48.84 | (12.06) | 50.22 | (11.14) | 48.01 | (12.50) | t = 3.99 | p < 0.01 |
| Sex | χ2 = 17.30 | p < 0.01 | ||||||
| Male | 1470 | (73.46) | 590 | (78.77) | 880 | (70.29) | ||
| Female | 531 | (26.54) | 159 | (21.23) | 372 | (29.71) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | χ2 = 103.98 | p < 0.01 | ||||||
| White | 1089 | (54.42) | 306 | (40.85) | 783 | (62.54) | ||
| Black/African American | 552 | (27.59) | 281 | (37.52) | 271 | (21.65) | ||
| Hispanic/Latino(a) | 216 | (10.79) | 89 | (11.88) | 127 | (10.14) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 80 | (4.00) | 49 | (6.54) | 31 | (2.48) | ||
| Other/Mixed¶ | 64 | (3.20) | 24 | (3.20) | 40 | (3.19) | ||
| Death Year | χ2 = 28.07 | p < 0.01 | ||||||
| 2005 - 2007 | 517 | (25.84) | 223 | (29.77) | 294 | (23.48) | ||
| 2008 - 2010 | 522 | (26.09) | 153 | (20.43) | 369 | (29.47) | ||
| 2011 - 2013 | 568 | (28.39) | 203 | (27.10) | 365 | (29.15) | ||
| 2014 - 2015 | 394 | (19.69) | 170 | (22.70) | 224 | (17.89) | ||
| Death also due to alcohol†††* | χ2 = 25.96 | p < 0.01 | ||||||
| No | 1679 | (83.91) | 669 | (89.32) | 1010 | (80.67) | ||
| Yes | 322 | (16.09) | 80 | (10.68) | 242 | (19.33) | ||
| Cause of death | ||||||||
| Cardiac ~* | 83 | (4.15) | 59 | (7.88) | 24 | (1.92) | χ2 = 41.87 | p < 0.01 |
| Cerebral hemorrhage* | 102 | (5.10) | 98 | (13.08) | 4 | (0.32) | Fisher's exact | p < 0.01 |
| Neurologic or psychiatric | 5 | (0.25) | 3 | (0.40) | 2 | (0.16) | ||
| Infection | 23 | (1.15) | 9 | (1.20) | 14 | (1.12) | ||
| Trauma | 12 | (0.60) | 5 | (0.67) | 7 | (0.56) | ||
| Malignancy | 7 | (0.35) | 2 | (0.27) | 5 | (0.40) | ||
| Overdose Complication | 32 | (1.60) | 13 | (1.74) | 19 | (1.52) | ||
| Other | 42 | (2.10) | 18 | (2.40) | 24 | (1.92) | ||
| Significant contributing condition | ||||||||
| Cardiac ~* | 581 | (29.04) | 252 | (33.64) | 329 | (26.28) | χ2 = 12.34 | p < 0.01 |
| Cerebral hemorrhage | 6 | (0.30) | 2 | (0.27) | 4 | (0.32) | ||
| Neurologic or psychiatric | 30 | (1.50) | 10 | (1.34) | 20 | (1.60) | ||
| Infection | 83 | (4.15) | 24 | (3.20) | 59 | (4.71) | ||
| Trauma | 12 | (0.60) | 5 | (0.67) | 7 | (0.56) | ||
| Malignancy | 26 | (1.30) | 10 | (1.34) | 16 | (1.28) | ||
| Overdose complication | 1 | (0.05) | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.08) | ||
| Other | 397 | (19.84) | 151 | (20.16) | 246 | (19.65) | ||
| Chronic infections | ||||||||
| HIV | 87 | (4.35) | 41 | (5.47) | 46 | (3.67) | ||
| HCV | 135 | (6.75) | 44 | (5.87) | 91 | (7.27) | ||
Causes of death and significant contributing conditions are not mutually exclusive. Except for 6/2001 (0.30%) cases with unknown race/ethnicity (coded into "Other/Mixed" race/ethnicity), no data were missing.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from methamphetamine, amphetamine, or cocaine; excludes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from opioids.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from heroin, buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, propoxyphene, and other opioids.
Percentages calculated out of a total of 2001 opioid or stimulant deaths from 2005-2015.
Percentages calculated out of the total deaths for that substance group (749 for stimulant deaths; 1252 for opioid deaths).
Included in bivariable analyses comparing stimulant and opioid deaths.
Includes American Indian/Alaska Native (n = 15), Other/Mixed (n = 43), and Unknown (n = 6) race/ethnicities.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from alcohol.
Includes electrical conduction, aortic, pericardial, hypertension, atherosclerotic or myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy clinical conditions; refer to Appendix Table 1a for detailed coding of cardiac and other clinical conditions.