Table 3.
Multivariable comparison of demographic and select clinical characteristics for stimulant compared to opioid deaths in San Francisco, 2005 - 2015 (n = 2001)
| MV1: Adjusted odds of stimulant† compared to opioid†† death for those with cardiac causes of death |
MV2: Adjusted odds of stimulant† compared to opioid†† death for those with cerebral hemorrhagic causes of death |
MV3: Adjusted odds of stimulant† compared to opioid†† death for those with cardiac significant conditions |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 1.01 | 1.00 - 1.02* | 1.01 | 1.00 - 1.02* | 1.01 | 1.00 - 1.02 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Female | 0.57 | 0.46 - 0.72** | 0.46 | 0.36 - 0.58** | 0.58 | 0.46 - 0.72** |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Black/African American | 2.60 | 2.07 - 3.26** | 2.74 | 2.17 - 3.46** | 2.57 | 2.06 - 3.22** |
| Hispanic/Latino(a) | 1.83 | 1.33 - 2.50** | 1.81 | 1.31 - 2.51** | 1.88 | 1.38 - 2.57** |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 3.53 | 2.17 - 5.73** | 3.66 | 2.23 - 6.02** | 3.65 | 2.26 - 5.90** |
| Other/Mixed | 1.66 | 0.97 - 2.86 | 1.57 | 0.89 - 2.77 | 1.62 | 0.94 - 2.78 |
| Death Year | ||||||
| 2005 - 2007 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 2008 - 2010 | 0.51 | 0.39 - 0.67** | 0.56 | 0.42 - 0.74** | 0.55 | 0.42 - 0.72** |
| 2011 - 2013 | 0.75 | 0.58 - 0.97* | 0.77 | 0.59 - 1.01 | 0.72 | 0.56 - 0.93* |
| 2014 - 2015 | 1.01 | 0.76 - 1.34 | 1.01 | 0.76 - 1.35 | 0.94 | 0.71 - 1.25 |
| Death also due to alcohol††† | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.53 | 0.40 - 0.70** | 0.58 | 0.43 - 0.77** | 0.53 | 0.40 - 0.70** |
| Cause of death | ||||||
| Cardiac δ | 4.79 | 2.88 - 7.96** | – | – | ||
| Cerebral hemorrhage | – | 58.58 | 21.06 - 162.91** | – | ||
| Significant contributing condition | ||||||
| Cardiac δ‡ | – | – | 1.46 | 1.19 - 1.79** | ||
MV: multivariable model. aOR: adjusted odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. Odds ratios compare stimulant to opioid deaths. Except for 6/2001 (0.30%) cases with unknown race/ethnicity (coded into "Other/Mixed" race/ethnicity), no data were missing.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from methamphetamine, amphetamine, or cocaine; excludes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from opioids.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from heroin, buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, propoxyphene, and other opioids.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from alcohol.
Includes electrical conduction, aortic, pericardial, hypertension, atherosclerotic or myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy clinical conditions.
Composite variable: cardiac cause of death or significant contributing condition.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.