| Overall | Stimulant-only deaths† |
Opioid-plus - stimulant deaths†† |
Opioid-only deaths††† |
Bivariable results | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)‡ or M (SD) | N (%)δ or M (SD) | N (%)δ or M (SD) | N (%)δ or M (SD) | Test statistic | P-value | |||||||
| Total | 2001 | (100.00) | 749 | (37.43)‡ | 624 | (31.18)‡ | 628 | (31.38)‡ | ||||
| Demographic characteristics* | ||||||||||||
| Age | 48.84 | (12.06) | 50.22 | (11.14) | 47.43 | (11.31) | 48.60 | (13.57) | F = 9.43 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Sex | χ2 = 22.27 | p < 0.01 | ||||||||||
| Male | 1470 | (73.46) | 590 | (78.77) | 456 | (73.08) | 424 | (67.52) | ||||
| Female | 531 | (26.54) | 159 | (21.23) | 168 | (26.92) | 204 | (32.48) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | χ2 = 139.82 | p < 0.01 | ||||||||||
| White | 1089 | (54.42) | 306 | (40.85) | 358 | (57.37) | 425 | (67.68) | ||||
| Black/African American | 552 | (27.59) | 281 | (37.52) | 182 | (29.17) | 89 | (14.17) | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino(a) | 216 | (10.79) | 89 | (11.88) | 54 | (8.65) | 73 | (11.62) | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 80 | (4.00) | 49 | (6.54) | 11 | (1.76) | 20 | (3.18) | ||||
| Other/Mixed | 64 | (3.20) | 24 | (3.20) | 19 | (3.04) | 21 | (3.34) | ||||
| Death Year | χ2 = 82.11 | p < 0.01 | ||||||||||
| 2005 - 2007 | 517 | (25.84) | 223 | (29.77) | 202 | (32.37) | 92 | (14.65) | ||||
| 2008 - 2010 | 522 | (26.09) | 153 | (20.43) | 158 | (25.32) | 211 | (33.60) | ||||
| 2011 - 2013 | 568 | (28.39) | 203 | (27.10) | 156 | (25.00) | 209 | (33.28) | ||||
| 2014 - 2015 | 394 | (19.69) | 170 | (22.70) | 108 | (17.31) | 116 | (18.47) | ||||
| Death also due to alcohol†††* | χ2 = 38.06 | p < 0.01 | ||||||||||
| No | 1679 | (83.91) | 669 | (89.32) | 526 | (84.29) | 484 | (77.07) | ||||
| Yes | 322 | (16.09) | 80 | (10.68) | 98 | (15.71) | 144 | (22.93) | ||||
| Cause of death | ||||||||||||
| Cardiac* | 83 | (4.15) | 59 | (7.88) | 9 | (1.44) | 15 | (2.39) | χ2 = 42.58 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Electrical conduction | 16 | (0.80) | 11 | (1.47) | 1 | (0.16) | 4 | (0.64) | ||||
| Aortic | 9 | (0.45) | 8 | (1.07) | 1 | (0.16) | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Pericardial | 3 | (0.15) | 3 | (0.40) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Hypertension | 21 | (1.05) | 11 | (1.47) | 3 | (0.48) | 7 | (1.11) | ||||
| Atherosclerotic disease ormyocardial infarction | 28 | (1.40) | 22 | (21.23) | 2 | (0.32) | 4 | (0.64) | ||||
| Congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy | 16 | (0.80) | 11 | (21.23) | 2 | (0.32) | 3 | (0.48) | ||||
| Cerebral hemorrhage* | 102 | (5.10) | 98 | (13.08) | 1 | (0.16) | 3 | (0.48) | Fisher's exact | p < 0.01 | ||
| Neurologic or psychiatric | 5 | (0.25) | 3 | (0.40) | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Chronic neurologic | 1 | (0.05) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | ||||
| Other neurologic | 1 | (0.05) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | ||||
| Seizure | 1 | (0.05) | 1 | (0.13) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Psychiatric | 1 | (0.05) | 1 | (0.13) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Herniation | 1 | (0.05) | 1 | (0.13) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Infection | 23 | (1.15) | 9 | (1.20) | 5 | (0.80) | 9 | (1.43) | ||||
| Pneumonia | 12 | (0.60) | 4 | (0.53) | 3 | (0.48) | 5 | (0.80) | ||||
| Endocarditis | 4 | (0.20) | 2 | (0.27) | 2 | (0.32) | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Infection NOS | 9 | (0.45) | 4 | (0.53) | 0 | 0.00 | 5 | (0.80) | ||||
| Trauma | 12 | (0.60) | 5 | (0.67) | 5 | (0.80) | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Malignancy | 7 | (0.35) | 2 | (0.27) | 2 | (0.32) | 3 | (0.48) | ||||
| Overdose Complication | 32 | (1.60) | 13 | (1.74) | 7 | (1.12) | 12 | (1.91) | ||||
| Aspiration | 7 | (0.35) | 2 | (0.27) | 2 | (0.32) | 3 | (0.48) | ||||
| Anoxia | 28 | (1.40) | 12 | (1.60) | 5 | (0.80) | 11 | (1.75) | ||||
| Other | 42 | (2.10) | 18 | (2.40) | 8 | (1.28) | 16 | (2.55) | ||||
| Rheumatologic | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Metabolic/endocrine | 1 | (0.05) | 1 | (0.13) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Liver disease | 11 | (0.55) | 1 | (0.13) | 2 | (0.32) | 8 | (1.27) | ||||
| Renal disease | 3 | (0.15) | 2 | (0.27) | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | ||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 5 | (0.25) | 3 | (0.40) | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Sleep Apnea | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Multi-organ failure | 10 | (0.50) | 5 | (0.67) | 3 | (0.48) | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Other hemorrhage | 4 | (0.20) | 3 | (0.40) | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | ||||
| Bowel ischemia | 4 | (0.20) | 2 | (0.27) | 1 | (0.16) | 1 | (0.16) | ||||
| Thromboembolic | 4 | (0.20) | 1 | (0.13) | 2 | (0.32) | 1 | (0.16) | ||||
| Significant contributing condition | ||||||||||||
| Cardiac* | 581 | (29.04) | 252 | (33.64) | 136 | (21.79) | 193 | (30.73) | χ2 = 24.48 | p < 0.01 | ||
| Electrical conduction | 5 | (0.25) | 2 | (0.27) | 1 | (0.16) | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Aortic | 6 | (0.30) | 3 | (0.40) | 1 | (0.16) | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Pericardial | 5 | (0.25) | 4 | (0.53) | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | ||||
| Hypertension | 333 | (16.64) | 148 | (19.76) | 73 | (11.70) | 112 | (17.83) | ||||
| Atherosclerotic disease or myocardial infarction | 246 | (12.29) | 118 | (19.76) | 58 | (9.29) | 70 | (11.15) | ||||
| Congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy | 165 | (8.25) | 69 | (19.76) | 42 | (6.73) | 54 | (8.60) | ||||
| Cerebral hemorrhage | 6 | (0.30) | 2 | (0.27) | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | (0.64) | ||||
| Neurologic or psychiatric | 30 | (1.50) | 10 | (1.34) | 6 | (0.96) | 14 | (2.23) | ||||
| Chronic neurologic | 14 | (0.70) | 2 | (0.27) | 4 | (0.64) | 8 | (1.27) | ||||
| Other neurologic | 1 | (0.05) | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Seizure | 13 | (0.65) | 6 | (0.80) | 1 | (0.16) | 6 | (0.96) | ||||
| Psychiatric | 2 | (0.10) | 2 | (0.27) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Herniation | 1 | (0.05) | 1 | (0.13) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Infection | 83 | (4.15) | 24 | (3.20) | 22 | (3.53) | 37 | (5.89) | ||||
| Pneumonia | 54 | (2.70) | 13 | (1.74) | 14 | (2.24) | 27 | (4.30) | ||||
| Endocarditis | 3 | (0.15) | 2 | (0.27) | 1 | (0.16) | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Infection NOS | 30 | (1.50) | 12 | (1.60) | 7 | (1.12) | 11 | (1.75) | ||||
| Trauma | 12 | (0.60) | 5 | (0.67) | 5 | (0.80) | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Malignancy | 26 | (1.30) | 10 | (1.34) | 7 | (1.12) | 9 | (1.43) | ||||
| Overdose complication | 1 | (0.05) | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Aspiration | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Anoxia | 1 | (0.05) | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Other | 397 | (19.84) | 151 | (20.16) | 111 | (17.79) | 135 | (21.50) | ||||
| Rheumatologic | 2 | (0.10) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Metabolic/endocrine | 140 | (7.00) | 48 | (6.41) | 40 | (6.41) | 52 | (8.28) | ||||
| Liver disease | 118 | (5.90) | 41 | (5.47) | 31 | (4.97) | 46 | (7.32) | ||||
| Renal disease | 54 | (2.70) | 20 | (2.67) | 15 | (2.40) | 19 | (3.03) | ||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 133 | (6.65) | 57 | (7.61) | 33 | (5.29) | 43 | (6.85) | ||||
| Sleep Apnea | 7 | (0.35) | 2 | (0.27) | 1 | (0.16) | 4 | (0.64) | ||||
| Multi-organ failure | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Other hemorrhage | 8 | (0.40) | 4 | (0.53) | 2 | (0.32) | 2 | (0.32) | ||||
| Bowel ischemia | 1 | (0.05) | 1 | (0.13) | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | ||||
| Thromboembolic | 2 | (0.10) | 1 | (0.13) | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | (0.16) | ||||
| Chronic infections | ||||||||||||
| HIV | 87 | (4.35) | 41 | (5.47) | 29 | (4.65) | 17 | (2.71) | ||||
| HCV | 135 | (6.75) | 44 | (5.87) | 50 | (8.01) | 41 | (6.53) | ||||
Causes of death and significant contributing conditions are not mutually exclusive. Except for 6/2001 (0.30%) cases with unknown race/ethnicity (coded into "Other/Mixed" race/ethnicity), no data were missing.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from methamphetamine, amphetamine, or cocaine; excludes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from opioids.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from stimulants (methamphetamine, amphetamine, or cocaine) and opioids (heroin, buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, propoxyphene, and other opioids).
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from heroin, buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, propoxyphene, and other opioids; excludes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from stimulants.
Percentages calculated out of a total of 2001 opioid or stimulant deaths from 2005-2015.
Percentages calculated out of the total deaths for that substance group (749 for stimulant-only deaths; 624 for opioid-plus-stimulant deaths; 628 for opioid-only deaths).
Included in bivariable analyses comparing stimulant-only, opioid-plus-stimulant, or opioid-only deaths.
Includes American Indian/Alaska Native (n = 15), Other/Mixed (n = 43), and Unknown (n = 6) race/ethnicities.
Includes decedents with cause of death listed as acute toxicity from alcohol.