Table 3.
Academic Achievement of Immigrant Children (Age 6–12), Normed WJ-III Scores, the New Immigrant Survey 2003 (N=876).
| Letter Word Identification | Passage Comprehension | Calculation | Applied Problems | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child immigration experience (ref.=child migrating with parents) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents | −5.651* (2.251) |
−1.653 (2.021) |
1.653 (1.842) |
4.650+ (2.580) |
| Panel A: By separation from which parent(s) (N=674 for restricted sample) | ||||
| Child immigration experience (ref.=child migrating with parents) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents, separated from mother only | 1.674 (4.188) |
−2.208 (3.816) |
−2.103 (3.287) |
−4.329 (5.116) |
| Child reuniting with migrant parents, separated from father only | −3.126 (2.784) |
−3.555 (2.538) |
−0.153 (2.187) |
−6.221+ (3.405) |
| Child reuniting with migrant parents, separated from both parents | −6.150+ (3.651) |
0.615 (3.326) |
1.630 (2.865) |
1.457 (4.460) |
| Panel B: By year since immigration (N=876) | ||||
| Child immigration experience (ref.=child migrating with parents) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents in < 2 years | −10.514*** (2.758) |
−10.718*** (2.505) |
−1.164 (2.256) |
−4.869 (3.220) |
| Child reuniting with migrant parents in 2+ years | −0.483 (2.900) |
6.881*** (2.633) |
3.878 (2.370) |
12.964*** (3.382) |
| Panel C: By duration of separation (N=876) | ||||
| Child immigration experience (ref.=child migrating with parents) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents, years of separation 0~2 years | 0.997 (3.126) |
5.298* (2.793) |
5.473** (2.594) |
11.431*** (3.587) |
| Child reuniting with migrant parents, years of separation 3~6 years | −1.135 (3.912) |
4.171 (3.495) |
2.760 (3.245) |
8.709* (4.489) |
| Child reuniting with migrant parents, years of separation 6+ years | −13.504*** (3.331) |
−10.504*** (2.960) |
−3.563 (2.730) |
−3.411 (3.776) |
| Panel D: By parent’s documentation status (N=873) | ||||
| Child immigration experience (ref.=child migrating with parents) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents who were ever undocumented | −17.577*** (4.240) |
−12.947*** (3.792) |
−2.474 (3.479) |
−3.179 (4.866) |
| Child reuniting with migrant parents who were documented | −13.321*** (3.629) |
−10.038*** (3.245) |
−4.645 (2.976) |
−4.670 (4.163) |
| Panel E1: Age at immigration, 5 and younger (N=205) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents (ref.=child migrating with parents) | −1.191 (3.831) |
4.840 (3.539) |
3.550 (3.588) |
7.638+ (4.248) |
| Panel E2: Age at immigration, older than 5 (N=671) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents (ref.=child migrating with parents) | −6.212* (2.635) |
−3.002 (2.366) |
0.225 (2.170) |
4.228 (3.147) |
| Panel F1: Female children (N=439) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents (ref.=child migrating with parents) | −7.356* (3.267) |
−3.878 (2.661) |
−2.262 (2.528) |
1.948 (3.518) |
| Panel F2: Male children (N=437) | ||||
| Child reuniting with migrant parents (ref.=child migrating with parents) | −3.991 (3.076) |
1.310 (3.022) |
4.150 (2.632) |
8.378* (3.696) |
Note: Results are from linear simultaneous equation models. The equation predicting child immigration experience is shown in Appendix B. Only the coefficient of immigration status is shown. The full table is in Appendix C.
***
p<0.001,
**
p<0.01,
*
p<0.05,
+
p<0.10; Standard errors in parentheses