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. 2019 Apr 19;9:6333. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42799-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Doxorubicin-quinone redox cycling model schematics. Three variations of quinone redox cycling (reduced, triad and comproportionation) are described. Each model comprises of a single compartment and a selection of the following species: quinone (Q); semiquinone radical (SQ^.−); hydroquinone (H₂Q); superoxide radical (O₂^.−); molecular oxygen (O₂); and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The corresponding reaction rate equations (R_1–5) are described in Table 1.