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. 2019 Apr 19;9:6319. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42825-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vertical transmission of Anopheles C virus is intraembryonic. (A) Evaluation of transovarial and transovum routes of AnCV and AnCPV vertical transmission using an RT-PCR to detect both viral genomes in An. coluzzii larvae hatched from eggs in individual wells. Control larvae (black bars) were hatched from eggs mock-treated without NaOCl, and carry both viruses. Larvae grown from eggs treated with NaOCl (gray bars) carry AnCV, while AnCPV was not detected after treatment (N.D.). (B) Both viruses were present in oviposition fluid washed from the surface of An. coluzzii eggs (Ov. Fluid (A. col.)). Viruses were not detected in the pre-rinse water (H2O, N.D.). The virus-positive oviposition fluid was fed to uninfected An. stephensi in larval water, and the exposed larvae did not become detectably infected (Exposed larva (A. steph.), N.D.). Experiments were done in two replicates, error bars indicate standard deviation.