Table 1.
Participant Characteristics According to Quintiles of DASH Score in the Singapore Chinese Health Study
| Characteristics | Quintiles of DASH Score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (Low) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (High) | |
| n (%) | 8431 (14.0) | 13 454 (22.3) | 11 015 (18.3) | 14 271 (23.7) | 13 127 (21.8) |
| Age, y | 55.1±7.7 | 56.3±8.0 | 56.5±8.0 | 56.7±8.1 | 56.8±7.9 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 3304 (39.2) | 6783 (50.4) | 6136 (55.7) | 8521 (59.7) | 8720 (66.4) |
| Dialect group, n (%) | |||||
| Hokkien | 3396 (40.3) | 5820 (43.3) | 5043 (45.8) | 6828 (47.8) | 6836 (52.1) |
| Cantonese | 5035 (59.7) | 7634 (56.7) | 5972 (54.2) | 7443 (52.2) | 6291 (47.9) |
| Education, n (%) | |||||
| No formal education | 2245 (26.6) | 3933 (29.2) | 3189 (29.0) | 3775 (26.5) | 3135 (23.9) |
| Primary school | 4080 (48.4) | 6122 (45.5) | 4840 (43.9) | 6326 (44.3) | 5473 (41.7) |
| Secondary school | 2106 (25.0) | 3399 (25.3) | 2986 (27.1) | 4170 (29.2) | 4519 (34.4) |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| None | 4500 (53.4) | 8556 (63.6) | 7609 (69.1) | 10 606 (74.3) | 10 639 (81.0) |
| Ex‐smoker | 1036 (12.3) | 1533 (11.4) | 1196 (10.9) | 1542 (10.8) | 1270 (9.7) |
| Current smoker | 2895 (34.3) | 3365 (25.0) | 2210 (20.1) | 2123 (14.9) | 1218 (9.3) |
| Alcohol drinker, at least weekly, n (%) | 1671 (19.8) | 1821 (13.5) | 1269 (11.5) | 1354 (9.5) | 894 (6.8) |
| Moderate physical activity, n (%) | |||||
| <0.5 h/wk | 7282 (86.4) | 11 084 (82.4) | 8729 (79.2) | 10 834 (75.9) | 9032 (68.8) |
| 0.5 to 3 h/wk | 765 (9.1) | 1581 (11.8) | 1462 (13.3) | 2139 (15.0) | 2453 (18.7) |
| ≥4 h/wk | 384 (4.6) | 789 (5.9) | 824 (7.5) | 1298 (9.1) | 1642 (12.5) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1732 (20.5) | 3096 (23.0) | 2598 (23.6) | 3518 (24.7) | 3344 (25.5) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 547 (6.5) | 1118 (8.3) | 933 (8.5) | 1353 (9.5) | 1402 (10.7) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.2±3.4 | 23.2±3.2 | 23.2±3.3 | 23.2±3.2 | 23.0±3.2 |
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1594±522 | 1513±540 | 1530±539 | 1552±524 | 1565±472 |
| PUFA/SFA ratio | 0.55±1.4 | 0.56±0.4 | 0.63±2.0 | 0.65±1.7 | 0.77±1.5 |
| Cholesterol, mg/d | 202±83.4 | 187±76.9 | 176±69.1 | 165±66.3 | 146±66.7 |
| Long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA, g/d | 0.31±0.2 | 0.32±0.2 | 0.33±0.2 | 0.33±0.2 | 0.31±0.2 |
| Other omega‐3 PUFA, g/d | 0.47±0.2 | 0.53±0.2 | 0.56±0.2 | 0.59±0.2 | 0.65±0.3 |
| Fiber, g/d | 9.04±2.7 | 10.8±2.8 | 12.1±3.0 | 13.6±3.3 | 16.4±4.1 |
| Calcium, mg/d | 292±126.9 | 351±137 | 396±154 | 445±170 | 541±203 |
| Potassium, mg/d | 1477±338 | 1640±339 | 1751±360 | 1868±3833 | 2085±432 |
| Sodium, mg/d | 1226±373 | 1159±345 | 1118±323 | 1078±321 | 1007±308 |
| Magnesium, mg/d | 216±27.3 | 231±26.3 | 241±27.9 | 252±29.9 | 275±35.5 |
| Supplemental calcium use, n (%) | 264 (3.1) | 537 (4.0) | 591 (5.4) | 1030 (7.2) | 1369 (10.4) |
The data are expressed as n (%) or mean±standard deviation. DASH indicates Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.