Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Stratified by Albumin‐to‐Creatinine Ratio
| Total | Albumin‐to‐Creatinine Ratio (mg/mmol) | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <3 | 3 to 30 | ≥30 | |||
| Total, N (%) | 248 438 | 183 522 (74) | 53 407 (21) | 11 509 (5) | |
| Age, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 72 (67, 78) | 71 (67, 77) | 74 (68, 80) | 73 (68, 80) | <0.001 |
| Male, N (%) | 136 669 (55.0) | 103 122 (56.2) | 28 226 (52.9) | 5321 (46.2) | <0.001 |
| Income quintile, N (%) | |||||
| 1 | 48 585 (19.6) | 34 419 (18.8) | 11 497 (21.5) | 2669 (23.2) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 55 150 (22.2) | 40 129 (21.9) | 12 202 (22.8) | 2819 (24.5) | |
| 3 | 49 990 (20.1) | 37 113 (20.2) | 10 607 (19.9) | 2270 (19.7) | |
| 4 | 48 108 (19.4) | 36 208 (19.7) | 9911 (18.6) | 1989 (17.3) | |
| 5 | 45 995 (18.5) | 35 238 (19.2) | 9035 (16.9) | 1722 (15.0) | |
| Residential status, rural, N (%) | 22 608 (9.1) | 17 159 (9.3) | 4574 (8.6) | 875 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Long‐term care resident, N (%) | 2497 (1.0) | 1281 (0.0) | 942 (0.0) | 274 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, N (%) | |||||
| ≥60 mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 181 303 (73.0) | 142 447 (77.6) | 34 085 (63.8) | 4771 (41.5) | <0.001 |
| 45 to 59 mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 41 247 (16.6) | 28 423 (15.5) | 10 331 (19.3) | 2493 (21.7) | |
| 30 to 44 mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 19 099 (7.7) | 10 412 (5.7) | 6394 (12.0) | 2293 (19.9) | |
| <30 mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 6789 (2.7) | 2240 (1.2) | 2597 (4.9) | 1952 (17.0) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Angina, N (%) | 2248 (0.9%) | 1471 (0.8) | 625 (1.2) | 152 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Heart valve replacement, N (%) | 560 (0.2%) | 371 (0.2) | 160 (0.3) | 29 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 192 316 (77.4%) | 139 174 (75.8) | 43 279 (81.0) | 9863 (85.7) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 128 212 (51.6%) | 88 678 (48.3) | 31 722 (59.4) | 7812 (67.9) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 6057 (2.4%) | 3892 (2.1) | 1664 (3.10) | 501 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, N (%) | 8023 (3.2) | 4480 (2.4) | 2821 (5.3) | 722 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack, N (%) | 4402 (1.8) | 2727 (1.5) | 1304 (2.4) | 371 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Venous thromboembolism, N (%) | 4180 (1.7) | 2899 (1.6) | 1031 (1.9) | 250 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Health care utilization | |||||
| Hospitalizations, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | <0.001 |
| Emergency department visits, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 1) | <0.001 |
| Nephrologist visits, N (%) | |||||
| 0 | 231 969 (93.4) | 175 806 (95.8) | 47 747 (89.4) | 8416 (73.1) | <0.001 |
| 1 to 3 | 14 546 (5.9) | 7100 (3.9) | 4991 (9.3) | 2455 (21.3) | |
| >3 | 1923 (0.8) | 616 (0.3) | 669 (1.3) | 638 (5.5) | |
| Cardiologist visits, N (%) | |||||
| 0 | 216 181 (87.0) | 161 417 (88.0) | 45 265 (84.8) | 9499 (82.5) | <0.001 |
| 1 to 3 | 27 975 (11.3) | 19 452 (10.6) | 6885 (12.9) | 1638 (14.2) | |
| >3 | 4282 (1.7) | 2653 (1.4) | 1257 (2.4) | 372 (3.2) | |
| Adjusted diagnostic groups, N (%) | |||||
| 0 to 4 | 56 323 (22.7) | 42 509 (23.0) | 11 612 (22.0) | 2202 (19.0) | <0.001 |
| 5 to 9 | 122 712 (49.4) | 92 277 (50.0) | 25 188 (47.0) | 5247 (46.0) | |
| 10 to 14 | 60 043 (24.2) | 42 729 (23.0) | 14 003 (26) | 3311 (29.0) | |
| 15 to 19 | 9052 (3.6) | 5827 (3.0) | 2519 (5.0) | 706 (6.0) | |
| 20+ | 308 (0.1) | 180 (0.0) | 85 (0.0) | 43 (0.0) | |
| Resource utilization bands, N (%) | |||||
| 0 | 594 (0.2) | 442 (0.0) | 126 (0.0) | 26 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| 1 (low) | 1408 (0.6) | 1114 (1.0) | 253 (1.0) | 41 (0.0) | |
| 2 | 13 459 (5.4) | 10 254 (6.0) | 2723 (5.0) | 482 (4.0) | |
| 3 | 135 585 (54.6) | 103 872 (57.0) | 26 650 (50.0) | 5063 (44.0) | |
| 4 | 61 060 (24.6) | 44 308 (24.0) | 13 693 (26.0) | 3059 (27.0) | |
| 5 (high) | 36 332 (14.6) | 23 532 (13.0) | 9962 (19.0) | 2838 (25.0) | |
| Medications | |||||
| β‐Blockers, N (%) | 58 662 (23.6) | 39 297 (21.4) | 15 379 (28.8) | 3986 (34.6) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive agents, N (%) | 141 912 (57.1) | 98 128 (53.5) | 35 072 (65.7) | 8712 (75.7) | <0.001 |
| Statins, N (%) | 115 629 (46.5) | 83 626 (45.6) | 25 859 (48.4) | 6144 (53.4) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet agents, N (%) | 20 557 (8.3) | 13 386 (7.3) | 5692 (10.7) | 1479 (12.9) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulants, N (%) | 14 195 (5.7) | 8302 (4.5) | 4756 (8.9) | 1137 (9.9) | <0.001 |