Table 3.
Multivariable‐Adjusted Risk of All‐Cause and CVD Death Associated With CAC for Each Race/Ethnicity Groupa
| Adjusted HR (All‐Cause Mortality) HR (95% CI) | Adjusted SHR (CVD Mortality) SHR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Whites | ||
| CAC 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| CAC 1–99 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) |
| CAC 100–399 | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 2.2 (1.6–3.1) |
| CAC ≥400 | 2.2 (1.9–2.6) | 3.6 (2.5–5.1) |
| Log (CAC+1) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) |
| CAC (Yes/No) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 2.1 (1.5–2.8) |
| Asians | ||
| CAC 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| CAC 1–99 | 1.8 (0.7–4.2) | ···b |
| CAC 100–399 | 1.6 (0.6–4.5) | ··· |
| CAC ≥400 | 3.3 (1.2–8.5) | ··· |
| Log (CAC+1) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 2.3 (1.8–2.9) |
| CAC (Yes/No) | 2.0 (0.9–4.4) | ··· |
| Blacks | ||
| CAC 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| CAC 1–99 | 1.6 (0.8–3.0) | 0.7 (0.2–1.8) |
| CAC 100–399 | 3.0 (1.5–6.0) | 2.4 (0.8–7.0) |
| CAC ≥400 | 5.2 (2.7–10.0) | 4.2 (1.6–11.1) |
| Log (CAC+1) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) |
| CAC (Yes/No) | 2.4 (1.3–4.2) | 1.7 (0.8–3.8) |
| Hispanics | ||
| CAC 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| CAC 1–99 | 1.8 (0.9–3.6) | 1.4 (0.5–4.1) |
| CAC 100–399 | 2.9 (1.3–6.3) | 1.9 (0.6–6.4) |
| CAC ≥400 | 4.9 (2.3–10.4) | 6.1 (2.0–18.4) |
| Log (CAC+1) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) |
| CAC (Yes/No) | 2.4 (1.3–4.6) | 2.4 (1.3–4.5) |
CAC indicates coronary artery calcium; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; SHR, subdistribution hazard ratio.
a
Estimates are multivariable‐adjusted hazard and subdistribution hazard ratios for all‐cause and CVD mortality, respectively, adjusted for study site, age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, family history of coronary heart disease and the presence of diabetes mellitus.
b
No CVD deaths noted in Asians with CAC=0, analysis by CAC group and dichotomous CAC not possible.