Table 3.

Differences of cumulative cost in LTCI services in an 11-year follow-up period by social participation

	n	Mean	OLS ‡§	IPW with MI ¶††	Mortality
			Coef. (95% CI)	Coef. (95% CI)
Hobby activities group
Never	2833	14.6	ref.	ref.	30.8
A few times a year	259	6.6	−3.2† (−6.7 to 0.2)	−3.5 (−8.1 to 1.2)	28.0
Once or twice a month	524	10.2	−2.8† (−5.8 to 0.7)	−2.2 (−5.6 to 1.2)	21.7
Once a week +	972	9.4	−3.6** (−6.0 to −1.3)	−3.5* (−6.2 to −0.8)	19.5
Sports group or club
Never	3716	13.9	ref.	ref.	29.1
A few times a year	91	9.3	2.5 (−4.9 to 9.9)	1.8 (−5.8 to 9.4)	18.7
Once or twice a month	125	4.8	−3.3 (−7.6 to 9.4)	−4.2 (−10.7 to 2.3)	16.1
Once a week +	572	5.2	−4.9*** (−6.9 to −2.8)	−6.1*** (−9.3 to −2.8)	18.6
Volunteer group
Never	3899	12.7	ref.	ref.	28.4
A few times a year	194	4.8	−4.1** (−7.1 to −1.0)	−3.9 (−9.1 to 1.3)	20.7
Once or twice a month	193	10.0	1.9 (−2.9 to 6.7)	1.5 (−3.8 to 6.7)	12.7
Once a week +	122	5.9	−0.7 (−4.5 to 3.1)	−1.4 (−7.9 to 5.1)	11.5

*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<.001, †p<0.10. Unit: US$1000.

‡Missing values in control variables were included as a dummy variable.

§The result was controlled by sex, age, disease and/or impairment, years of education, equivalent income, marital status, living situation, self-rated health at baseline.

¶Multiple imputation by chained equations was performed using sex, age, disease and/or impairment, years of education, equivalent income, marital status, living situation, self-rated health at baseline (m=20).

††The generalised propensity scores were calculated using multinominal regression analysis using all previously listed potential confounders: sex, age, disease and/or impairment, years of education, equivalent income, marital status, living situation, self-rated health.

IPW, inverse probability weighting; MI, multiple imputation; OLS, ordinal least squares.