Table 4.
Results of secondary outcome measures: within-group and between-group differences
| Measures | Pain education group | Control group | Between-group difference | |||||
| Baseline Mean (SD) | Follow-up | Change (95% CI) | Baseline mean (SD) | Follow-up | Difference (95% CI) | t | Difference | |
| Pain intensity† | 54.38 (3.48) | 49.14 (3.77) | 5.28*** (2.91 to 7.65) | 52.72 (2.45) | 50.95 (6.54) | 1.72 (−0.82 to 4.26) | 2.16 | 3.56* (0.21 to 6.91) |
| Pain interference† | 62.28 (6.62) | 57.67 (5.80) | 4.47** (1.91 to 7.04) | 58.94 (7.69) | 56.13 (8.24) | 3.03* (0.69 to 5.36) | 0.88 | 1.45 (−1.90 to 4.79) |
| Sleep disturbance† | 51.84 (7.68) | 43.74 (5.31) | 7.62** (3.50 to 11.74) | 45.63 (8.71) | 42.25 (8.41) | 3.49 (−0.12 to 7.10) | 1.58 | 4.13 (−1.16 to 9.42) |
| Depression† | 56.99 (8.08) | 48.25 (8.36) | 8.89*** (5.28 to 12.50) | 53.60 (11.25) | 49.49 (10.29) | 4.61* (0.69 to 8.54) | 1.68 | 4.27 (−0.88 to 9.42) |
| Quality of life | 5.70 (1.22) | 6.42 (0.77) | -0.79* (-1.42 to -0.15) | 6.10 (1.21) | 6.58 (1.22) | -0.47 (−1.04 to 0.09) | −0.78 | −0.32 (−1.13 to 0.50) |
| Pain catastrophising | 22.70 (11.00) | 11.16 (7.59) | 11.63*** (7.19 to 16.07) | 20.50 (12.56) | 16.10 (12.16) | 5.47** (1.79 to 9.16) | 2.24 | 6.16* (0.59 to 11.72) |
| Resilience | 26.95 (9.14) | 28.61 (5.55) | -1.39 (−4.19 to 1.41) | 28.60 (8.08) | 27.00 (8.08) | 1.95 (−2.02 to 5.92) | −1.43 | −3.34 (−8.07 to 1.40) |
| Global rating of change | – | 5.16 (0.69) | – | – | 5.37 (0.64) | – | −0.95 | −0.21 (−0.66 to 0.24) |
*Significant at p<0.05.
**Significant at p<0.01.
***Significant at p<0.001.
†T-scores are reported.