Table 1.
Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of children hospitalised with severe pneumonia, stratified by age group and outcome
| Children aged <2 months | Children aged 2–59 months | |||||||
| Survived | Died | CFR | P value | Survived | Died | CRF | P value | |
| n=709 | n=40 | 5.3 | n=4107 | n=198 | 4.6 | |||
| Age group | ||||||||
| Less than 1 month | 286 (40.3) | 17 (42.5) | 5.6 | 0.860 | <0.001 | |||
| 1 month | 423 (59.7) | 23 (57.5) | 5.2 | |||||
| 2–5 months | 1011 (25.2) | 76 (38.4) | 7.0 | |||||
| 6–11 months | 1064 (25.9) | 50 (25.3) | 4.5 | |||||
| 12–35 months | 1677 (40.8) | 59 (29.8) | 3.4 | |||||
| 36–59 months | 355 (8.6) | 13 (6.7) | 3.5 | |||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 285 (40.2) | 17 (42.5) | 5.6 | 0.900 | 1786 (43.5) | 90 (45.5) | 4.8 | 0.490 |
| Male | 424 (59.8) | 23 (57.5) | 5.1 | 2321 (56.5) | 108 (54.5) | 4.5 | ||
| Hospital admitted | ||||||||
| BPH | 215 (30.3) | 3 (7.5) | 1.4 | <0.001 | 795 (19.4) | 26 (13.1) | 3.2 | <0.001 |
| EVRMC | 380 (53.6) | 32 (80.0) | 7.8 | 2429 (59.1) | 148 (74.7) | 5.7 | ||
| ONP | 88 (12.4) | 4 (10.0) | 4.3 | 712 (17.3) | 15 (7.6) | 2.1 | ||
| RITM | 26 (3.7) | 1 (2.5) | 3.7 | 171 (4.2) | 9 (4.6) | 5.0 | ||
| Congenital abnormalities | ||||||||
| Yes | 8 (1.1) | 3 (2.5) | 27.3 | 0.010 | 33 (0.8) | 9 (4.6) | 6.2 | <0.001 |
| No | 691 (98.9) | 37 (92.5) | 4035 (99.2) | 187 (95.4) | ||||
| Height(h)-for-age | ||||||||
| −2 SD≤h≤2 SD | 251 (59.1) | 5 (45.5) | 2.0 | 0.350 | 1213 (53.9) | 33 (48.5) | 2.6 | 0.320 |
| −3 SD≤h<−2 SD | 63 (14.8) | 1 (9.1) | 1.6 | 397 (17.6) | 10 (14.7) | 2.5 | ||
| h<−3 SD | 111 (26.1) | 5 (45.5) | 4.3 | 642 (28.5) | 25 (36.8) | 3.7 | ||
| Weight(w)-for-age | ||||||||
| −2 SD≤w≤2 SD | 511 (78.7) | 15 (44.1) | 2.9 | <0.001 | 2424 (61.2) | 82 (43.3) | 3.3 | <0.001 |
| −3 SD≤w<−2 SD | 86 (13.3) | 5 (14.7) | 5.5 | 764 (19.3) | 36 (18.6) | 4.5 | ||
| w<−3 SD | 52 (8.0) | 14 (41.2) | 21.2 | 776 (19.6) | 76 (39.2) | 8.9 | ||
| Duration of hospitalisation | 8 (6–9) | 3.5 (1‒8.2) | <0.001 | 4 (3–6) | 1 (–3) | <0.001 | ||
| Environmental factors* | ||||||||
| n=184 | n=4 | n=904 | n=23 | |||||
| SES | ||||||||
| ≤30 | 83 (46.1) | 3 (75.0) | 3.5 | 0.560 | 504 (55.8) | 15 (65.2) | 2.9 | 0.490 |
| >30 | 97 (53.9) | 1 (25.0) | 1.0 | 400 (44.2) | 8 (34.4) | 2.0 | ||
| Past experience of child loss | ||||||||
| Yes | 15 (11.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 1.000 | 71 (10.2) | 7 (33.3) | 9.0 | 0.003 |
| No | 117 (88.6) | 2 (5.0) | 1.7 | 626 (89.8) | 14 (66.7) | 2.2 | ||
| Number of siblings | ||||||||
| <2 | 55 (29.7) | 2 (50.0) | 3.5 | 0.420 | 199 (22.1) | 3 (13.5) | 1.5 | 0.050 |
| 2‒3 | 78 (42.2) | 2 (50.0) | 2.5 | 441 (48.9) | 8 (34.8) | 1.8 | ||
| ≥4 | 52 (28.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 262 (29.0) | 12 (52.2) | 4.4 | ||
| Types of cooking fuel used | ||||||||
| Electricity, petroleum gas and kerosene | 26 (14.1) | 0 | 0.0 | 0.100 | 121 (12.8) | 2 (8.7) | 1.7 | 0.780 |
| Charcoal and wood | 158 (85.9) | 4 (100.0) | 2.5 | 775 (86.5) | 21 (91.3) | 2.6 | ||
n (%) of children unless stated otherwise.
Duration of hospitalisation is presented as median with IQR.
Congenital abnormalities including Down syndrome and congenital heart disease.
*Analysis from February 2014 to March 2016. Past experience of child loss included all causes of death.
BPH, Biliran Provincial Hospital; CFR, case fatality rate (%); EVRMC, Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center; ONP, Ospital Ng Palawan; SES, socioeconomic status.