Table 3.
Detection and outcome associations of pathogens in hospitalised children with pneumonia, stratified by age group
| Pathogens | Children aged <2 months | Children aged 2–59 months | ||||||||||
| Survived | Died | P value | CFR | OR | AOR | Survived (%) | Died | P value | CFR | OR | AOR | |
| (%) | (%) | (%) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (%) | (%) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||||
| (n=709) | (n=40) | (n=4107) | (n=198) | |||||||||
| RSV | 190 (26.9) | 6 (15.0) | 0.070 | 3.1 | 0.48 (0.18 to 1.08) | 0.47 (0.17 to 1.07) | 1002 (24.4) | 19 (9.6) | <0.001 | 1.9 | 0.33 (0.2 to 0.52) | 0.31 (0.19 to 0.5) |
| RSV–A | 105 (14.9) | 5 (12.5) | 0.860 | 4.5 | 0.82 (0.28 to 1.96) | 0.62 (0.2 to 1.53) | 576 (14.0) | 10 (5.1) | <0.001 | 1.7 | 0.33 (0.16 to 0.59) | 0.28 (0.13 to 0.5) |
| RSVB | 69 (9.8) | 1 (2.5) | 0.210 | 1.4 | 0.24 (0.01 to 1.12) | 0.35 (0.02 to 1.69) | 365 (8.9) | 6 (3.0) | 0.006 | 1.6 | 0.32 (0.13 to 0.67) | 0.37 (0.14 to 0.78) |
| Untyped RSV | 16 | 0 | 61 | 3 | ||||||||
| IFV | 8 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 | 154 (3.7) | 9 (4.5) | 0.700 | 5.5 | 1.22 (0.57 to 2.3) | 1.58 (0.73 to 3.01) | ||
| IFV A | 5 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 | – | – | 96 (2.3) | 6 (3.0) | 0.690 | 5.9 | 1.31 (0.5 to 2.77) | 1.63 (0.62 to 3.53) |
| IFV A(H1N1) seasonal | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 | – | – | 6 (0.1) | 4 (2.0) | <0.001 | 40.0 | 14.09 (3.58 to 49.74) | 6.79 (1.68 to 24.73) |
| IFV A (H1N1)pdm09 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.530 | 0.0 | ||
| IFV A(H3N2) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 | – | 54 (1.3) | 2 (1.0) | 0.960 | 3.6 | 0.77 (0.12 to 2.48) | 1.39 (0.22 to 4.6) | |
| IFV B | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 | – | – | 52 (1.3) | 3 (1.5) | 1.000 | 5.5 | 1.2 (0.29 to 3.29) | 1.62 (0.39 to 4.55) |
| Untyped influenza | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| RV | 167 (23.6) | 4 (10.0) | 0.070 | 2.3 | 0.36 (0.11 to 0.91) | 0.35 (0.1 to 0.89) | 774 (18.8) | 38 (19.2) | 0.970 | 4.7 | 1.02 (0.7 to 1.45) | 0.99 (0.68 to 1.41) |
| RV–A | 73 (10.3) | 2 (5.0) | 0.410 | 2.7 | 0.46 (0.07 to 1.53) | 0.33 (0.05 to 1.11) | 279 (6.8) | 20 (10.1) | 0.100 | 6.7 | 1.54 (0.93 to 2.43) | 1.3 (0.78 to 2.08) |
| RV–B | 15 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.720 | 0.0 | – | – | 34 (0.8) | 5 (2.5) | 0.030 | 12.8 | 3.1 (1.05 to 7.34) | 2.04 (0.68 to 5) |
| RV–C | 52 (7.4) | 2 (5.0) | 0.800 | 3.7 | 0.66 (0.11 to 2.25) | 0.71 (0.11 to 2.5) | 383 (9.3) | 10 (5.1) | 0.050 | 2.5 | 0.52 (0.25 to 0.93) | 0.57 (0.28 to 1.03) |
| Untyped RV | 27 | – | 78 | – | ||||||||
| Enterovirus | 10 (1.4) | 1 (2.5) | 0.490 | 9.1 | 1.79 (0.1 to 9.69) | 2.85 (0.15 to 18.22) | 60 (1.5) | 3 (1.5) | 1.000 | 4.8 | 1.04 (0.25 to 2.83) | 1.18 (0.28 to 3.29) |
| EV–D68 | 4 (0.6) | 1 (2.5) | 0.640 | 20.0 | 4.51 (0.23 to 31.37) | 5.07 (0.23 to 45.75) | 39 (0.9) | 3 (1.5) | 0.670 | 7.1 | 1.60 (0.38 to 4.47) | 1.67 (0.4 to 4.8) |
| ADV | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 | 4.52 (0.23 to 31.45) | 3.03 (0.15 to 23.07) | 41 (1.0) | 8 (4.0) | <0.001 | 16.3 | 4.18 (1.79 to 8.57) | 3.95 (1.65 to 8.37) |
| ADV–7 | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 | – | – | 19 (0.5) | 6 (3.0) | 0.020 | 24.0 | 10.66 (3.68 to 27.77) | 11.44 (3.77 to 31.38) |
| HMPV | 8 (1.1) | 2 (5.0) | 0.170 | 20.0 | 4.6 (0.68 to 19.14) | 6.03 (0.83 to 29.1) | 161 (3.9) | 2 (1.0) | 0.050 | 1.1 | 0.25 (0.04 to 0.79) | 0.3 (0.05 to 0.95) |
| PIV | 13 (1.8) | 1 (2.5) | 1.000 | 7.1 | 1.37 (0.07 to 7.15) | 1.67 (0.09 to 9.69) | 110 (2.7) | 6 (3.0) | 0.940 | 5.2 | 1.14 (0.44 to 2.4) | 1.54 (0.59 to 3.33) |
| Multiple infections (virus–virus) | 37 (5.2) | 2 (5.0) | 1.000 | 5.1 | 0.95 (0.15 to 3.28) | 0.87 (0.14 to 3.18) | 178 (4.3) | 7 (3.5) | 0.710 | 3.8 | 0.81 (0.34 to 1.62) | 0.71 (0.3 to 1.44) |
| Negative for viruses | 271 (38.5) | 24 (60.0) | 0.007 | 8.1 | 2.41 (1.27 to 4.71) | 2.5 (1.29 to 4.99) | 1627 (38.1) | 106 (52.3) | <0.001 | 6.1 | 1.14 (0.44 to 2.4) | 1.73 (1.29 to 2.32) |
| Missing cases for testing | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Bacteria sample tested | n=447 | n=11 | n=2465 | n=77 | ||||||||
| Bacteria | 5 (1.1) | 2 (18.2) | 0.010 | 28.5 | 19.64 (2.58 to 106.01) | 7.83 (6.39 to 110.45) | 35 (1.4) | 7 (9.0) | <0.001 | 16.7 | 7.02 (2.78 to 15.49) | 5.08 (1.8 to 12.78) |
| Negative for all pathogens | 163 (36.5) | 5 (45.1) | 0.810 | 2.9 | 0.75 (0.2 to 1.7) | 0.75 (0.24 to 1.91) | 756 (30.7) | 36 (46.7) | 0.300 | 4.5 | 0.75 (0.24 to 1.91) | 0.75 (0.24 to 1.91) |
| Virus–bacteria co-detection | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0.0 | 17 (0.7) | 3 (3.9) | 0.130 | 15.0 | ||||
Multivariate logistic models were adjusted by age in week, year of sampling and hospitals.
ADV, adenovirus; ADV-7, adenovirus 7; AOR, adjusted OR; CFR, case fatality rate (%); EV-D68, enterovirus D68; HMPV, human metapneumovirus; IFV, influenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; PIV, parainfluenza virus; RV, rhinovirus.