Table 4.
Factors associated with death among hospitalised children with severe pneumonia, stratified by age group
| Factors | Children aged <2 months | Children aged 2−59 months | ||
| Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|
| Age group | ||||
| Less than 1 month | Ref. | Ref. | – | – |
| 1 month | 0.93 (0.6 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.57 to 1.44) | – | – |
| 2–5 months | – | – | 1.73 (1.17 to 2.69) | 1.77 (1.19 to 2.75) |
| 6–11 months | – | – | 1.29 (0.89 to 1.82) | 1.29 (0.89 to 1.82) |
| 12–35 months | – | – | 0.97 (0.72 to 1.3) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.29) |
| 36–59 months | – | – | Ref | Ref |
| Past experience of child loss | NA | NA | 4.9 (1.83 to 11.87) | 5.42 (1.99 to 13.51) |
| Weight(w)–for-age | ||||
| −2 SD≤w≤2 SD | Ref. | Ref. | Ref | Ref |
| −3 SD≤w<–2 SD | 1.98 (0.63 to 5.25) | 1.98 (0.62 to 5.33) | 1.41 (0.93 to 2.1) | 1.58 (1.04 to 2.35) |
| w<–3 SD | 9.15 (4.15 to 20.12) | 9.59 (4.22 to 21.88) | 2.93 (2.12 to 4.05) | 3.22 (2.3 to 4.51) |
| Presence of congenital abnormalities | 7.0 (1.49 to 25.35) | 1.96 (0.08 to 2.43) | 5.88 (2.62 to 11.97) | 3.12 (1.08 to 8.62) |
| Decreased breath sounds | 5.14 (1.41 to 15.03) | 9.81 (2.11 to 46.49) | 3.2 (1.64 to 5.76) | 5.36 (2.6 to 10.38) |
| Grunting | 25.28 (3.22 to 148.64) | 28.65 (2.89 to 259.6) | 16.72 (5.73 to 43.71) | 14.27 (4.64 to 39.86) |
| Sensorial changes | 1.59 (1.01 to 3.3) | 1.79 (1.13 to 3.22) | 9.61 (6.63 to 13.78) | 8.31 (5.68 to 12.0) |
| Glasgow Coma Scale <9 | 6.0 (0.15 to 321.95) | – | 45.0 (6.92 to 437.72) | – |
| Central cyanosis | 7.81 (3.07 to 18.33) | 6.49 (2.50 to 15.63) | 28.24 (18.19 to 43.95) | 27.58 (17.55 to 43.5) |
| Tachypnoea | 1.20 (0.35 to 3.13) | 2.03 (0.7 to 8.6) | 2.04 (1.25 to 3.57) | 1.89 (1.15 to 3.34) |
| Tachycardia | 2.16 (0.76 to 9.07) | 2.03 (0.56 to 5.84) | 1.08 (0.8 to 1.46) | 2.09 (1.42 to 3.07) |
| SpO2 <90% | 4.52 (2.21 to 8.91) | 4.69 (2.23 to 9.56) | 4.09 (3.0 to 5.54) | 5.06 (3.67 to 6.94) |
| Wheeze | 1.97 (0.86 to 4.12) | 2.87 (1.11 to 6.87) | 1.35 (1.01 to 1.81) | 1.55 (1.15 to 2.08) |
| Fever (>38.5°C) | 11.31 (4.9 to 25.07) | 11.98 (5.03 to 27.87) | 2.15 (1.59 to 2.89) | 2.5 (1.83 to 3.38) |
| Severe anaemia (<80 g/L) | 9.79 (1.32 to 52.0) | 9.18 (1.18 to 54.0) | 4.39 (2.51 to 7.27) | 4.04 (2.29 to 6.8) |
| Endpoint pneumonia | 5.55 (2.76 to 11.24) | 5.64 (2.74 to 11.68) | 2.43 (1.75 to 3.36) | 2.67 (1.92 to 3.73) |
| Consolidation | 6.55 (2.91 to 14.08) | 5.37 (2.34 to 11.77) | 4.23 (2.94 to 6.0) | 4.11 (2.84 to 5.88) |
| Infiltration | 2.43 (1.16 to 4.9) | 2.70 (1.26 to 5.57) | 1.52 (1.1 to 2.11) | 1.71 (1.23 to 2.38) |
| Pleural effusion | 18.0 (0.7 to 461.79) | 23.0 (0.76 to 949.37) | 6.96 (2.74 to 15.54) | 6.85 (2.66 to 15.63) |
Multivariate logistic models were adjusted by age in month, year of sampling and hospitals.
NA, not applicable; SpO2, saturation of peripheral oxygen