Table 5.
Risk factors associated with GORD and dental erosions: results of the univariate and multivariable analysis
| Characteristics | GORD with dental erosions | |||
| COR (95% CI) | P value | AOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| 1. Dietary pattern | <0.01* | <0.001* | ||
| Healthy | 1 | 1 | ||
| Satisfactory | 1.096 (0.325 to 3.697) | 0.234 (0.041 to 1.320) | ||
| Unhealthy | 6.034 (1.889 to 19.268) | 2.307 (0.403 to 13.207) | ||
| 2. GI symptom: nausea/vomiting | 0.008* | 0.004* | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.349 (0.160 to 0.759) | 0.130 (0.033 to 0.512) | ||
| 3. GI symptom: early satiety/loss of appetite | 0.043* | 0.262 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.903 (1.020 to 3.551) | 1.778 (0.650 to 4.867) | ||
| 4. GI symptom: melena | 0.030* | 0.421 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.957 (1.065 to 3.593) | 1.509 (0.554 to 4.111) | ||
| 5. GI disorder: oesophagitis | 0.20 | 0.014* | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.398 (0.621 to 9.255) | 12.427 (1.658 to 93.143) | ||
| 6. GI disorder: peptic ulcer disease | 0.035* | 0.302 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.825 (1.075 to 7.423) | 2.143 (0.505 to 9.095) | ||
| 7. GI disorder: hiatal hernia | 0.20 | 0.201 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.251 (0.03 to 2.082) | 0.159 (0.010 to 2.655) | ||
| 8. GI disorder: portal gastropathy | 0.214 | - | ||
| No | 1 | - | ||
| Yes | 1.786 (0.715 to 4.458) | - | ||
| 9. GI disorder: gastritis | 0.06 | 0.065 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.013 (0.970 to 4.179) | 3.388 (0.926 to 12.398) | ||
| 10. OHIP subscale 1: functional limitation | 0.047* | 0.277 | ||
| 1=Null | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2=Mild | 1.379 (0.506 to 3.753) | 0.511 (0.106 to 2.464) | ||
| 3=Moderate | 1.495 (0.581 to 3.843) | 0.537 (0.132 to 2.193) | ||
| 4=Severe | 3.646 (1.204 to 11.044) | 0.607 (0.086 to 4.313) | ||
| 5=Advanced | 5.469 (1.265 to 23.640) | 6.149 (0.491 to 76.934) | ||
| 11. OHIP subscale 2: physical pain | 0.023* | 0.118 | ||
| 1=Null | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2=Mild | 0.484 (0.168 to 1.391) | 0.202 (0.034 to 1.186) | ||
| 3=Moderate | 1.935 (0.929 to 4.032) | 2.706 (0.633 to 11.574) | ||
| 4=Severe | 3.116 (0.917 to 10.591) | 4.271 (0.473 to 38.585) | ||
| 5=Advanced | 6.677 (0.668 to 66.769) | 2.391 (0.104 to 55.127) | ||
| 12. OHIP subscale 3: physical disability | 0.002* | 0.024* | ||
| 1=Null | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2=Mild | 0.346 (0.057 to 2.095) | 0.042 (0.003 to 0.674) | ||
| 3=Moderate | 3.033 (0.936 to 9.822) | 0.861 (0.101 to 7.331) | ||
| 4=Severe | 3.414 (1.011 to 11.527) | 0.125 (0.010 to 1.613) | ||
| 5=Advanced | 15.750 (2.335 to 106.227) | 0.564 (0.020 to 16.163) | ||
| 13. OHIP subscale 4: psychological discomfort | 0.002* | 0.358 | ||
| 1=Null | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2=Mild | 2.857 (0.282 to 28.960) | 2.105 (0.073 to 60.804) | ||
| 3=Moderate | 2.264 (0.262 to 19.563) | 3.080 (0.144 to 65.939) | ||
| 4=Severe | 6.303 (0.741 to 53.650) | 3.303 (0.145 to 75.217) | ||
| 5=Advanced | 11.692 (1.302 to 105.028) | 10.356 (0.457 to 234.689) | ||
| 14. OHIP subscale 5: handicap | 0.057 | 0.171 | ||
| 1=Null | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2=Mild | 1.981 (0.795 to 4.935) | 1.884 (0.415 to 8.563) | ||
| 3=Moderate | 2.869 (1.303 to 6.315) | 2.257 (0.569 to 8.948) | ||
| 4=Severe | 3.900 (1.282 to 11.860) | 9.210 (1.348 to 62.911) | ||
| 5=Advanced | 1.891 (0.600 to 5.964) | 0.756 (0.126 to 4.529) | ||
| 15. OHIP subscale 6: psychological disability | 0.006* | 0.207 | ||
| 1=Null | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2=Mild | 3.000 (0.520 to 17.316) | 13.130 (0.913 to 188.820) | ||
| 3=Moderate | 2.763 (0.582 to 13.122) | 6.336 (0.638 to 62.938) | ||
| 4=Severe | 8.077 (1.682 to 38.784) | 13.513 (1.273 to 143.448) | ||
| 5=Advanced | 8.437 (1.457 to 48.851) | 9.434 (0.899 to 98.955) | ||
Odds Ratios and their respective p-values in bold exhibit corresponding risk factors as significantly associated with Chronic GORD (ie, GORD with DE).
All study variables expressing p<0.2 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariable analysis and are presented here in this table.
*P<0.05 was considered statistically significant (bold highlight). COR, crude/unadjusted ORs (obtained from univariate analysis); AOR, adjusted ORs for all independent variables (obtained from multivariable analysis, by stepwise selection method).
GI, gastrointestinal; GORD, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; OHIP, Oral Health Impact Profile-14.